Letter 4837 - Revision history

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	<ref name="note3">Tchaikovsky had come to [[Brussels]] (after a brief stay in [[Paris]]) in order to conduct a concert of his own works there on 2/14 January 1893.</ref>		<ref name="note3">Tchaikovsky had come to [[Brussels]] (after a brief stay in [[Paris]]) in order to conduct a concert of his own works there on 2/14 January 1893.</ref>
	<ref name="note4">The French journalist André Maurel (1863–1943) worked for the Parisian daily ''Le Figaro'', but also published a number of essays and novels. The issue of ''Le Figaro'' of 8 January 1893 {{NS}} in which Maurel's article "Un voyage musical en Russie" appeared is available on [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k282407r Gallica] , the digital repository of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (information provided by Ronald de Vet). [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] translated Maurel's article into Russian and included it in Vol. 3 of his biography of his brother, by way of introducing the context of Tchaikovsky's letter to [[Delines]] (which, as noted in the bibliography above, he published almost in full but without naming the addressee) — see e.g. {{bib\|1997/96\|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского ; том 3}} (1997), p. 523–524.</ref>		<ref name="note4">The French journalist André Maurel (1863–1943) worked for the Parisian daily ''Le Figaro'', but also published a number of essays and novels. The issue of ''Le Figaro'' of 8 January 1893 {{NS}} in which Maurel's article "Un voyage musical en Russie" appeared is available on [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k282407r Gallica] , the digital repository of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (information provided by Ronald de Vet). [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] translated Maurel's article into Russian and included it in Vol. 3 of his biography of his brother, by way of introducing the context of Tchaikovsky's letter to [[Delines]] (which, as noted in the bibliography above, he published almost in full but without naming the addressee) — see e.g. {{bib\|1997/96\|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского ; том 3}} (1997), p. 523–524.</ref>
	<ref name="note5">The French conductor Charles Lamoureux (1834–1899) went on a concert tour of [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] in December 1892. Lamoureux had founded in [[Paris]], in 1881, an orchestral society called the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts (known popularly as the "Lamoureux Concerts"), with which he regularly performed at the Théâtre de l'Eden as well as on the Champs-Élysées. On 17/29 November 1885, he conducted a performance of Tchaikovsky's [[Piano Concerto No. 1]] (with Cécile Silberberg (b. 1858) as the soloist), about which he wrote to the composer a few days later. Lamoureux's letter of 12 December 1885 {{NS}} has been published in {{bib\|1970/6\|Чайковский и зарубежные музыканты}} (1970), p. 216–217. (See also [[Letter 2819]] to [[Félix Mackar]] of 22 November/4 December 1885). No letters from Tchaikovsky to Lamoureux have come to light so far, but the two men met in [[Paris]] on 27 May/8 June 1886, as we learn from an entry in the composer's diary that day: "At [[Mackar]]'s. Made some visits with him. We found Lamoureux (very friendly) and Marmontel at home" — quoted here from {{bib\|1945/34\|The Diaries of Tchaikovsky}} (1945), p. 80.</ref>		<ref name="note5">The French conductor Charles Lamoureux (1834–1899) went on a concert tour of [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] in December 1892. Lamoureux had founded in [[Paris]], in 1881, an orchestral society called the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts (known popularly as the "Lamoureux Concerts"), with which he regularly performed at the Théâtre de l'Eden as well as on the Champs-Élysées. On 17/29 November 1885, he conducted a performance of Tchaikovsky's [[Piano Concerto No. 1]] (with Cécile Silberberg (b. 1858) as the soloist), about which he wrote to the composer a few days later. Lamoureux's letter of 12 December 1885 {{NS}} has been published in {{bib\|1970/6\|Чайковский и зарубежные музыканты}} (1970), p. 216–217. (See also [[Letter 2819]] to [[Félix Mackar]] of 22 November/4 December 1885). No letters from Tchaikovsky to Lamoureux have come to light so far, but the two men met in [[Paris]] on 27 May/8 June 1886, as we learn from an entry in the composer's diary that day: "At [[Mackar]]'s. Made some visits with him. We found Lamoureux (very friendly) and [[Marmontel]] at home" — quoted here from {{bib\|1945/34\|The Diaries of Tchaikovsky}} (1945), p. 80.</ref>
	<ref name="note6">In his article "Un voyage musical en Russie" (''Le Figaro'', 8 January 1893 {{NS}}), Maurel insinuated that it had only become possible to perform [[Wagner]]'s music in Russia once [[Anton Rubinstein]] ceased to play a leading role in the Imperial Russian Musical Society. According to Maurel, the performances of the ''Tristan ''Prelude and the ''Meistersinger ''overture under Lamoureux's baton during his Russian tour had served to introduce Russian audiences to [[Wagner]]'s music of which they until then had hardly had any idea, as he put it.</ref>		<ref name="note6">In his article "Un voyage musical en Russie" (''Le Figaro'', 8 January 1893 {{NS}}), Maurel insinuated that it had only become possible to perform [[Wagner]]'s music in Russia once [[Anton Rubinstein]] ceased to play a leading role in the Imperial Russian Musical Society. According to Maurel, the performances of the ''Tristan ''Prelude and the ''Meistersinger ''overture under Lamoureux's baton during his Russian tour had served to introduce Russian audiences to [[Wagner]]'s music of which they until then had hardly had any idea, as he put it.</ref>
	<ref name="note7">Tchaikovsky, then still in the first year of his studies at the [[Saint Petersburg]] Conservatory, attended all six concerts which [[Wagner]] conducted in the imperial capital during his Russian tour (February–March 1863). Apart from concert performances of excerpts from his operas, [[Wagner]] also conducted a number of symphonies by [[Beethoven]].</ref>		<ref name="note7">Tchaikovsky, then still in the first year of his studies at the [[Saint Petersburg]] Conservatory, attended all six concerts which [[Wagner]] conducted in the imperial capital during his Russian tour (February–March 1863). Apart from concert performances of excerpts from his operas, [[Wagner]] also conducted a number of symphonies by [[Beethoven]].</ref>

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{{letterhead
|Date=29 December 1892/10 January 1893
|To=[[Michel Delines]]
|Place=[[Brussels]]
|Language=French
|Autograph={{locunknown}} <ref name="note1"/>
|Publication={{bibx|1893/72|Paris}} (13 January 1893) (abridged)<br/>{{bib|1902/25|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского ; том 3}} (1902), p. 592–593 (slightly abridged French transcription and Russian translation; addressee not named)<br/>{{bib|1979/112|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений ; том XVI-Б}} (1979), p. 216–217
|Notes=Typed copy in [[Klin]] (Russia): {{RUS-KLč}} <ref name="note2"/>
}}

==Text and Translation==
{{Lettertext
|Language=French
|Translator=Luis Sundkvist
|Original text={{right|''Bruxelles''<br/>10 Janvier 93}}
{{centre|Mon cher ami! }}
Je viens de lire dans le „''Figaro''“ de Dimanche 8 courant un article de M[onsieu]r André Maurel, intitulé „''Un voyage musical en Russie''“. Il s'agit dans cet article de l'excursion que M[onsieu]r Lamoureux vient de faire dans notre pays, ou il [a] remporté de grands succès tant à Petersbourg qu'à Moscou. Je ne puis que me réjouir de ce que les grandes qualités de M[onsieu]r Lamoureux aient été justement appréciées chez nous, mais, tout en y applaudissant, je ne puis m'empêcher de constater que M[onsieu]r Maurel n'a été que fort {{sic|insufisament|insuffisamment}} renseigné sur l'état des choses musicales en Russie, et il serait désirable de rectifier dans le „''Figaro''“ {{sic|mème|même}} certaines erreurs qui se sont involontairement glissées dans son article.

1) La musique de Wagner n'est rien moins qu'ignorée en Russie. Non seulement Antoine Rubinstein n'a jamais {{sic|empèché|empêché}} qu'elle se propageat chez nous, mais c'est justement lui, fondateur de la ''Société Impériale musicale russe'' en 1859, qui la fit {{sic|connaitre|connaître}} à notre public. Wagner lui {{sic|mème|même}} vint en Russie en 1863 et y organisa dans les deux capitales de longues {{sic|série|séries}} de concerts qui firent époque. Depuis ce temps la musique du grand {{sic|maitre|maître}} allemand prit racine dans notre pays. Ses {{sic|operas|opéras}} sont depuis bien longtemps sur le repertoire des {{sic|Thèatres|Théâtres}} Impériaux et de tous ceux de la province. La {{sic|''Thétralogie''|Tétralogie}} y fut représentée dans les deux capitales 4 fois (en 1888) et y produisit une grande sensation. Quant au {{sic|répertoire|repertoire}} simphonique en Russie, Wagner y tenait {{sic|dèja|déjà}} une bien large part dans un temps {{sic|ou|où}} à Paris on n'en connaissait pas encore le nom.

2) M[onsieu]r Lamoureux n'est pas le premier chef-d'orchestre français qui ait été convié par la {{sic|''Societé|Société}} {{sic|Imperiale|Impériale}} musicale russe'' pour diriger un de ses concerts, car M[onsieu]r E. Colonne, lui a {{sic|déja|déjà}} fait cet honneur il y a 3 ans[.] Le succès {{sic|eclatant|éclatant}} qu'il y obtint nous valut {{sic|plusieur|plusieurs}} autres visites de M[onsieu]r Colonne toujours consacrées par le plus grand succès.

Pour conclure laissez moi Vous confesser que j'ai été bien tristement affecté en apprenant par la voie du ''Figaro'' que mes compatriotes le chambellan ''Jacovleff'' et le directeur du Conservatoire de Moscou ''Safonoff'', aient organisé un banquet {{sic|ou|où}} l'on a „''conspué''“ Hans de Bülow. Ce chambellan et ce directeur ont donc oublié que M[onsieu]r Hans de Bülow malgré „ses gestes ridicules et ses façons extravagantes“ est un chef d'orchestre de génie et qu'il a été reconnu comme tel chez nous aussi que partout ailleurs. Ils ont oublié que si la musique russe est en ce moment reconnue en Allemagne c'est à Bülow que nous le devons, car il y avait un temps ou il s'était dévoué pour cette cause! Ils n'ont pas songé aussi, ce chambellan et ce directeur, que {{sic|c'etait|c'était}} une manière bien peu polie de rendre hommage à un représentant de la musique française, que de conspuer en sa présence un musicien allemand qui toujours a manifesté en paroles et en faits un enthousiasme sincère pour la musique française. Et ce qui surtout me navre, c'est que l'on „conspue“ Hans de Bülow juste au moment {{sic|ou|où}} le pauvre grand artiste se meurt.

{{sic|Voila|Voilà}} mon cher ami ce que je voudrais que Vous m'aidiez à dire {{sic|au|aux}} lecteurs du „''Figaro''“.
{{right|Bien à Vous, P. Tchaïkovsky}}

|Translated text={{right|''[[Brussels]]''<ref name="note3"/><br/>10 January 1893}}
{{centre|My dear friend!}}
I have just read in the "''Figaro''" of Sunday the 8th of this month an article by Mr André Maurel, entitled "''A Musical Journey to Russia"'' <ref name="note4"/>. This article deals with the visit which Mr Lamoureux recently paid to our country where he achieved great success both in [[Petersburg]] and in [[Moscow]] <ref name="note5"/>. I cannot but be delighted that the splendid qualities of Mr Lamoureux have received their due appreciation in Russia, but, whilst saluting this fact, it is impossible for me not to note that Mr Maurel was but very poorly informed about the state of musical affairs in Russia, and it would be desirable to correct, in the "''Figaro''" itself, certain errors which have unwittingly crept into his article.

1) The music of [[Wagner]] is anything but unknown in Russia. Not only has [[Anton Rubinstein]] never sought to prevent it from spreading in our country, but on the contrary — it was precisely he who, as the founder of the ''Imperial Russian Musical Society'' in 1859, acquainted our public with it <ref name="note6"/>. [[Wagner]] himself came to Russia in 1863 and organized in the two capitals a long series of concerts which proved to be epoch-making <ref name="note7"/>. Since then the music of the great German master has taken root in our country. His operas have for a long time now been on the repertoire of the Imperial Theatres and of all the provincial ones. The ''Tetralogy'' was performed four times in the two capitals in 1888 and caused a huge sensation <ref name="note8"/>. As for the symphonic concert repertoire in Russia, [[Wagner]] was already featuring prominently there at a time when in [[Paris]] his name meant nothing to anyone.

2) Mr Lamoureux is not the first French conductor to have been invited by the ''Imperial Russian Music Society'' to conduct one of its concerts, for this honour in fact already fell to [[Édouard Colonne|Mr E. Colonne]] three years ago <ref name="note9"/>. The astounding success which he obtained at the time led to several more visits by Monsieur [[Colonne]] which have always been crowned by the very greatest success.

By way of conclusion, allow me to confess to you that I was very deeply aggrieved to learn through the ''Figaro'' that my countrymen the chamberlain ''Yakovlev'' and ''[[Safonov]]'', the director of the [[Moscow]] Conservatory, organized a banquet where [[Hans von Bülow]] was "''jeered at''" <ref name="note10"/>. So this chamberlain and this director have forgotten that Monsieur [[Hans von Bülow]], despite "his ridiculous gestures and his extravagant mannerisms", is a conductor of genius and that he has been acknowledged as such in our country, just as everywhere else. They have forgotten that, if Russian music today enjoys some recognition in Germany, it is [[Bülow]] whom we have to thank for this, for there was a time when he devoted himself to this cause!<ref name="note11"/> Nor did this chamberlain and this director stop to think how awfully impolite it was to pay homage to a representative of French music by jeering, in his presence, at a German musician who has always manifested, in word and deed, a genuine enthusiasm for French music <ref name="note12"/>. But what saddens me most of all is that people are "jeering at" [[Hans von Bülow]] at the very same time as this poor great artist is dying <ref name="note13"/>.

This, my dear friend, is what I would like you to help me to tell the readers of the "''Figaro''" <ref name="note14"/>.
{{right|Yours, P. Tchaikovsky}}
}}

==Notes and References==
<references>
<ref name="note1">The autograph was auctioned on 13 March 2018 by Stargardt, [[Berlin]][https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/tschaikowski-peter-pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky-18-4ad4f03bfc]. It had also previously been sold on 30 April 1980 by Sotheby's, [[London]] — see ''Continental autograph letters and manuscripts with a section by musicians and composers: including a highly important letter by Simón Bolívar and letters and manuscripts by Andersen, [[Berlioz]], [[Brahms]], Bruckner, [[Dvorak]], Franck, Gaughin, [[Goethe]], Jung, Klopstock, Lannes, Lenin, Liszt, Luther, Matisse, [[Mendelssohn]], Napoleon I, Napoleon II, Neruda, Poniatowski, Proust, Scaliger, [[Schiller]], Tchaikovsky, Vaughan Williams, [[Verdi]], [[Wagner]] and Wallenstein; Which will be sold by auction by Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co. at their large galleries, 34 & 35 New Bond Street, London W1A 2AA; days of sale: Tuesday, 29th April 1980 lots 1-296; Wednesday, 30th April 1980 lots 297-570'' ([[London]]: Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co, 1980). Tchaikovsky's letter was sold as lot no. 432. This catalogue was identified in November 2011 by Ronald de Vet, who kindly provided us with a scan of the relevant page.</ref>
<ref name="note2">This typed copy was made by the English musicologist Gerald Abraham (1904–1988) who had access to the original autograph. He presented this copy to the Tchaikovsky House-Museum in [[Klin]] (see the commentary to this letter in {{bib|1979/112|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений ; том XVI-Б}} (1979), p. 218). At the auction in [[London]] in 1980, the catalogue for which is cited above, Tchaikovsky's original letter seems to have been bought by the eminent German paediatrician Hans Rudolf Wiedemann (1915–2006) who eventually published it, together with other autograph letters by composers in his collection, in a lavishly produced album: ''Briefe und Albumblätter großer Komponisten und Interpreten in Handschriften'' (Lübeck, 1990), p. 274–289 (facsimile; French transcription and German translation). The transcription above is based on the complete facsimile of the original provided in Wiedemann's album.</ref>
<ref name="note3">Tchaikovsky had come to [[Brussels]] (after a brief stay in [[Paris]]) in order to conduct a concert of his own works there on 2/14 January 1893.</ref>
<ref name="note4">The French journalist André Maurel (1863–1943) worked for the Parisian daily ''Le Figaro'', but also published a number of essays and novels. The issue of ''Le Figaro'' of 8 January 1893 {{NS}} in which Maurel's article "Un voyage musical en Russie" appeared is available on [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k282407r Gallica] , the digital repository of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (information provided by Ronald de Vet). [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] translated Maurel's article into Russian and included it in Vol. 3 of his biography of his brother, by way of introducing the context of Tchaikovsky's letter to [[Delines]] (which, as noted in the bibliography above, he published almost in full but without naming the addressee) — see e.g. {{bib|1997/96|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского ; том 3}} (1997), p. 523–524.</ref>
<ref name="note5">The French conductor Charles Lamoureux (1834–1899) went on a concert tour of [[Saint Petersburg]] and [[Moscow]] in December 1892. Lamoureux had founded in [[Paris]], in 1881, an orchestral society called the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts (known popularly as the "Lamoureux Concerts"), with which he regularly performed at the Théâtre de l'Eden as well as on the Champs-Élysées. On 17/29 November 1885, he conducted a performance of Tchaikovsky's [[Piano Concerto No. 1]] (with Cécile Silberberg (b. 1858) as the soloist), about which he wrote to the composer a few days later. Lamoureux's letter of 12 December 1885 {{NS}} has been published in {{bib|1970/6|Чайковский и зарубежные музыканты}} (1970), p. 216–217. (See also [[Letter 2819]] to [[Félix Mackar]] of 22 November/4 December 1885). No letters from Tchaikovsky to Lamoureux have come to light so far, but the two men met in [[Paris]] on 27 May/8 June 1886, as we learn from an entry in the composer's diary that day: "At [[Mackar]]'s. Made some visits with him. We found Lamoureux (very friendly) and Marmontel at home" — quoted here from {{bib|1945/34|The Diaries of Tchaikovsky}} (1945), p. 80.</ref>
<ref name="note6">In his article "Un voyage musical en Russie" (''Le Figaro'', 8 January 1893 {{NS}}), Maurel insinuated that it had only become possible to perform [[Wagner]]'s music in Russia once [[Anton Rubinstein]] ceased to play a leading role in the Imperial Russian Musical Society. According to Maurel, the performances of the ''Tristan ''Prelude and the ''Meistersinger ''overture under Lamoureux's baton during his Russian tour had served to introduce Russian audiences to [[Wagner]]'s music of which they until then had hardly had any idea, as he put it.</ref>
<ref name="note7">Tchaikovsky, then still in the first year of his studies at the [[Saint Petersburg]] Conservatory, attended all six concerts which [[Wagner]] conducted in the imperial capital during his Russian tour (February–March 1863). Apart from concert performances of excerpts from his operas, [[Wagner]] also conducted a number of symphonies by [[Beethoven]].</ref>
<ref name="note8">The troupe assembled by the Austrian tenor and impresario Angelo Neumann (1838–1910) under the name "Richard Wagner-Theater” performed the complete ''Ring'' cycle in Russia not four but five times, namely between 28 February/12 March and 22 March/3 April 1889 (rather than in 1888 as Tchaikovsky asserted). Four performances took place in [[Saint Petersburg]], one in [[Moscow]]. The conductor was Karl Muck (1859–1940), who had come over specially from [[Prague]], but the orchestra was drawn from the musicians of the Imperial Russian Theatres. Tchaikovsky at the time was away from Russia on his second concert tour of Western Europe. Other leading Russian composers, however, such as [[Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov]] and [[Aleksandr Glazunov]], attended these performances and were indeed bowled over by [[Wagner]]'s music.</ref>
<ref name="note9">[[Édouard Colonne]] had been invited by the Imperial Russian Musical Society to conduct one of its concerts in [[Moscow]] in early 1890. The initiative for this invitation came from Tchaikovsky.</ref>
<ref name="note10">In his article, Maurel had quoted from the toast which [[Vasily Safonov]], the director of the [[Moscow]] Conservatory, had pronounced in honour of Lamoureux during a banquet in the house of Sergey Yakovlev (1837–1906), a member of the board of directors of the Imperial Russian Musical Society and a titular chamberlain. [[Safonov]] had praised the French conductor for, among other things, achieving his success in Moscow without needing to resort to "ridiculous gestures" and "extravagant mannerisms". These ironical remarks sparked some catcalling among the assembled guests as they recalled [[Hans von Bülow]]'s last appearances as a conductor in Russia, in the winter of 1885/1886. [[Bülow]]'s idiosyncratic gestures when conducting were a source of amusement for some concert-goers, but they would probably have been more forgiving if they had known about his poor state of health and the great irritability which this brought with it.</ref>
<ref name="note11">Tchaikovsky is referring here not just to [[Bülow]]'s central role in the premiere of his [[Piano Concerto No. 1]] in Boston on 13/25 October 1875, but also to his German friend's enthusiastic review, in the ''Allgemeine Zeitung'', of the first performance of [[Glinka]]'s ''A Life for the Tsar'' in [[Milan]] the year before (an article in which [[Bülow]] had also drawn his readers' attention to Tchaikovsky's works). From about 1880 onwards, however, [[Bülow]] had begun devoting himself increasingly to the propagation of [[Brahms]]'s music, and this estranged Tchaikovsky from him somewhat. Interestingly, Tchaikovsky does not mention here [[Franz Liszt]]'s equally pivotal role in helping the works of his 'rivals' from the "Mighty Handful" — notably the symphonic music of [[ Borodin]] and [[Rimsky-Korsakov]] — to be heard in Germany.</ref>
<ref name="note12">Thus, for example, from 1887 onwards [[Bülow]] arranged for [[Bizet]]'s ''Carmen'' — his "favourite opera" as he once confessed — to be staged several times at the [[Hamburg]] Opera Theatre.</ref>
<ref name="note13">At the time of this letter, [[Bülow]] was interned in a private clinic at Pankow, near [[Berlin]], where he hoped in vain to obtain some relief for the neuralgic pains which he was suffering frrom and which were caused by an undiagnosed brain tumour. The great pianist and conductor would die little over a year later, in Cairo on 12 February 1894 {{NS}}.</ref>
<ref name="note14">As it turned out, [[Delines]], despite having worked for ''Le Figaro'' in the past, was unable to persuade the editors of this anti-Germanic newspaper to print Tchaikovsky's letter. It seems that [[Delines]] then turned to the daily ''Le Paris-Journal'' (generally referred to simply as ''Paris''), to which he was a regular contributor, and there he did manage to get Tchaikovsky's rectification of Maurel's article and glowing vindication of [[Hans von Bülow]] published three days later, on 13 January 1893 {{NS}}. The publication of Tchaikovsky's 'open letter' sparked a veritable polemic. Thus, Lamoureux issued a public statement denying that at the banquet given in his honour in [[Moscow]] the guests had jeered at [[Bülow]] and emphasizing that he had by no means pretended to be the enlightener of the Russian public as far as [[Wagner]]'s music was concerned. [[Safonov]] himself wrote Tchaikovsky a (private) letter explaining that Maurel's article gave a highly distorted account of the events in [[Moscow]]. In [[Safonov]]'s view, what had most likely happened was that Lamoureux had been carried away by his imagination, leading him to boast to his interviewer back in [[Paris]] that he had brought [[Wagner]] to the Russians, and that Maurel had decided to spice up the article even further by adding some anti-German touches. [[Safonov]] concluded by reproaching Tchaikovsky for having jumped to the conclusion that he was capable of such undignified conduct. The German press also got wind of this polemic and several German newspapers published articles thanking Tchaikovsky for having stood up for [[Bülow]] — note based partly on {{bib|1997/96|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского ; том 3}} (1997), p. 526–527.</ref>
</references>
[[Category:Letters to Newspapers and Journals]]