The Oprichnik and Letter 962: Difference between pages

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'''''The Oprichnik''''' (Опричник) is an opera in 4 acts and 5 scenes ([[TH]] 3 ; [[ČW]] 3), based on a story by [[Ivan Lazhechnikov]]. It was Tchaikovsky's third completed opera, written between February 1870 and March 1872, with revisions in March 1873, January 1874, November 1874, and October 1878.  
{{letterhead
|Date=7/19 November 1878
|To=[[Eduard Nápravník]]
|Place=[[Kamenka]]
|Language=Russian
|Autograph=[[Saint Petersburg]] (Russia): {{RUS-SPtm}} (Гик. 17195/13)
|Publication={{bibx|1924/2|Чайковский. Воспоминания и письма}} (1924), p. 120–122<br/>{{bib|1959/20|Е. Ф. Направник. Автобиографические, творческие материалы, документы, письма}} (1959), p. 103–105<br/>{{bib|1962/102|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений ; том VII}} (1962), p. 451–453
}}
==Text and Translation==
{{Lettertext
|Language=Russian
|Translator=Brett Langston
|Original text={{right|''Каменка''<br/>7 ноября}}
{{centre|Многоуважаемый Эдуард Францович!}}
Вот изменения, которые, согласно Вашему совету, я сделал в «''Вакуле''».


==Instrumentation==
1) В конце первой картины я нашёл возможным сделать значительную купюру, которая, мне кажется, весьма выгодно отразится на общем эффекте этой картины. Всю сцену ''Чуба с Панасом'', а также следующий хор (повторение предыдущего) я вычёркиваю и от слов хора «''ползут на поляны''» через полтора такта перескакиваю прямо на коду, т. е. на черновой партитуре, которую передаст Вам брат, эта купюра начнётся на 5 такте 38-ой страницы и кончится на 3 такте 45-ой.
The opera is scored for solo voices, mixed chorus, and an orchestra comprising piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in A, B-flat), 2 bassoons + 4 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in C, D, F), 3 trombones, tuba + 3 timpani, triangle, tambourine, cymbals, bass drum, bell (in B natural) + harp, violins I, violins II, violas, cellos, and double basses.


There are eight singing roles:
2) Весь конец второй картины я слегка изменил в оркестре. Начиная с
* ''Prince Zhemchuzhny'' (Князь Жемчужный) —  bass
{{center|[[File:0962 ex1.jpg|350px]]}}
* ''Natalya'' (Наталья) — soprano
я вычеркнул все духовые инструменты, за исключением 1-ой флейты и 1-го кларнета, которые сохранили нотки:
* ''Molchan Mitkov'' (Молчан митьков) — bass
{{center|[[File:0962 ex2.jpg|150px]]}}
* ''Boyarynya Morozova'' (Боярына Морозова) — mezzo-soprano
Вместо двух валторн унисоном вступит на четвёртом такте 82 и четвёртом такте 83 стр[аницы] одна только первая валторна. На стр[аныцы] 85 и 86 я вычеркнул все деревянные, а также вторую пару валторн и трубы; вместо f у струнных в этом месте я поставил mf.
* ''Andrey Morozov'' (Андрей Морозов) — tenor
* ''Basmanov'' (Басманов) — contralto
* ''Prince Vyazminsky'' (Князь Вязьминский) — baritone
* ''Zakharyevna'' (Захарьевна) — soprano.


==Movements and Duration==
3) На стр[анице] 87-ой этого же места я позволил себе сделать купюру и изменение, на которое убедительно прошу Вас согласиться. Для оркестра это не представит никакого затруднения, а ''Оксане'' придётся слова: «''и плакать хочется и разбирает смех''» — выучить с другой музыкой, что для г[оспо]жи Рааб тоже не трудно. Изменение состоит в том, что по уходе Вакулы оркестр играет ещё пять тактов и останавливается на 6-ом, на первой восьмой. Здесь Оксана речитативом поёт слова «''и плакать хочется''», после чего квартет играет три аккорда, и затем Оксана говорит «''и разбирает смех''». Тут оркестр вступает после купюры, играет последние шесть тактов картины по-старому, но один такт ради симметрии ритма я пропустил. Одним словом, все это место получит следующий вид:
The titles and tempo are taken from the first edition of the full score, published in 1896, while the numbering is that used in {{bib|1959/53|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений, том 34}} (1959) <ref name="note1"/>. Act 2 is divided into two scenes. The titles of numbers in Russian (Cyrillic) are taken from the published score, with English translations added in bold type. Vocal incipits are given in the right-hand column, with transliterations below in italics.
{{center|[[File:0962 ex3.jpg|350px]]}}
Если вписать три аккорда в голоса квартета Вы найдёте затруднительным, то можно один такт после слов «''и плакать хочется''» пропустить. Но я самым убедительным образом прошу Вас и госпожу Рааб согласиться на это незначительное изменение.


{|  class="wikitable"
4) В 1-ой картине 3 акта, стр[аница] 28, изменил инструментовку двух тактов:
| colspan="3"|
{{center|[[File:0962 ex4.jpg|350px]]}}
| '''Introduction''' (Интродукция)<br/>Allegro giusto
|-
| width="8%" colspan="2" rowspan="11"|'''''Act I'''''
| width="8%"|No. 1
| width="43%"|'''Entertainment Scene''' (Сцена угошения)<br/>Allegretto comodo
| width="33%"|Пожалуй нас, изволь присесть<br/>''Pozhaluy nas, izvol prisest''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 2
| '''Chorus of Maidens''' (Хор девушек)<br/>Andantino
| На море утушка<br/>''Na more utushka''
|-
| '''Natalya&#39;s Song''' (Песня Натальи)<br/>L&#39;istesso tempo
| Соловушка в дубровушке громко свищет<br/>''Solovushka v dubrovushke gromko zvishchet''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 3
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato
| Тебе бы петь тоскливые всë ресни<br/>''Tebe by pet tosklivye vsyo pesni''
|-
| '''Chorus''' (Хор)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Чудная ты, старуха, право<br/>''Chudnaya ty, starukha, pravo''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 4
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro molto e misterioso
| Проходи<br/>''Proxhodi''
|-
| '''Chorus of Oprichniks''' (Хор опричников)<br/>Allegro molto e misterioso
| Ты лишь свистни а мы смыслим<br/>''Ty lish svistni a my smyslim''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 5
| '''Recitatives''' (Речитатив)<br/>Moderato
| Итак, скажи, решился ль ты?<br/>''Itak, skazhi, reshilsya l ty?''
|-
| '''Basmanov&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Басманова)<br/>Moderato assai quasi Andante
| Житье у нас и умирать не надо<br/>''Zhite u nas u ymirat ne nado''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 6
| '''Natalya&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Натальи)<br/>Moderato assai
| Почудились мне будто голоса<br/>''Pochudilis mne budto golosa''
|-
| '''Round Dance''' (Хоровод)<br/>Allegro con moto
| За двором лужок, зеленëшенек<br/>''Za dvorom luzhok, zelenyoshenek''
|-
| rowspan="11"|'''''Act II'''''
|  colspan="2"|
| '''Entr&#39;acte''' (Антракт)<br/>Andante sostenuto
|-
|  width="8%" rowspan="4"|Scene 1
| rowspan="2"|No. 7
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato assai
| Как ни гадай<br/>''Kak ni gadai''
|-
| '''Morozova&#39;s Aria''' (Ария Морозовой)<br/>Andante sostenuto
| Я перед волею господней<br/>''Ya pered voleyu gospodney''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 8
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato
| Кручина всë родная!<br/>''Kruchina vsyo rodnaya!''
|-
| '''Duet for Andrey and Morozova''' (Дуэт Андрея и Морозовой)<br/>Andante non tanto
| Снега белей, солнца светлей<br/>''Snega beley, solntsa svetley''
|-
| rowspan="6"|Scene 2
| rowspan="6"|No. 9
| '''Prelude''' (Прелюдия)<br/>Andante sostenuto—Allegro giusto
|-
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato
| Камо от греков утаюся!<br/>''Kamo ot grekov utayusya!''
|-
| '''Vyazminsky&#39;s Aria''' (Ария Вязьминского) <ref name="note2"/><br/>Andante—Allegro brillante
| Друзья, мы в скорбном умиленьи<br/>''Druzya, my v skorbnom ymileni''
|-
| ['''Andrey&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Андрея)]<br/>Andante
| Как перед Богом<br/>''Kak pered Bogom''
|-
| ['''Oath Scene''' (Сцена клятвы)]<br/>Allegro non troppo
| Готов ли ты царю присягу дать?<br/>''Gotov li ty tsaryu prisyagu dat?''
|-
| '''Finale''' (Финал)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Славен, славен, как солнце в красный день<br/>''Slaven, slaven, kak solntse v krasny den''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="10"|'''''Act III'''''
| '''Entr&#39;acte''' (Антракт)<br/>Andante non troppo
|-
| No. 10
| '''Chorus of People''' (Хор народа)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Времена настали злые<br/>''Vremena nastali zlye''
|-
| rowspan="3"|No. 11
| '''Recitatives''' (Речитатив)<br/>Moderato
| Как одинока я теперь<br/>''Kak odinoka ya teper''
|-
| '''Chorus of Boys''' (Хор мальчиков)<br/>Allegro
| Собака, собака<br/>''Sobaka, sobaka''
|-
| '''Duet for Natalya and Morozova''' (Дуэт Натальи и Морозовой)<br/>Allegro giusto
| Я к тебе прибежала, родная<br/>''Ya k tebe pribezhala, rodnaya''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 12
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro
| Бежим, бежим скорей куда-нибудь<br/>''Bezhim, bezhim skorey kuda-nibud''
|-
| '''Natalya&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Натальи)<br/>Allegro tranquillo
| Отец! Как перед Богом<br/>''Otets! Kak pered Bogom''
|-
| rowspan="3"|No. 13
| '''Finale''' (Финал)<br/>Allegro giusto
| Иди, княжна!<br/>Idi, knyazhna!
|-
| ['''Quartet''' (Квартет)]<br/>Andante non tanto
| Я не могу ещë понять<br/>Ya ne mogu yeshchyo ponyat''
|-
| ['''Final Chorus''' (Хор финал)]<br/>Allegro vivo
| К царью! К царью!<br/>''K tsaryu! K tsaryu!''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="10"|'''''Act IV'''''
| No. 14
| '''Wedding Chorus''' (Свадебный хор)<br/>Allegro moderato e maestoso
| Слава, слава доброму молодуцу<br/>''Slava, slava dobromu molodutsu''
|-
| No. 15
| '''Dances of Oprichniks and Women''' (Пляски опричников и женщин)<br/>Allegro giusto—Allegro molto
|-
| rowspan="3"|No. 16
| '''Recitatives''' (Речитатив)<br/>Andante—Moderato assai
| Друзья, и горестен, и сладок этот день!<br/>''Druzya i goresten, i sladok etot den!''
|-
| '''Chorus''' (Хор)<br/>Andante
| Добрый молодец<br/>''Dobry molodets''
|-
| '''Duet for Andrey and Natalya''' (Дуэт Андрея и Натальи)<br/>Allegro giusto
| Ах, скорей бы конец пированью<br/>''Akh, skorey by konets priovanyu''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 17
| '''Chorus''' (Хор)<br/>Allegro moderato e maestoso
| Что-бы сто лет вам не стариться<br/>''Chto-by sto let vam ne staritsya''
|-
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro vivo
| Что бледен так?<br/>''Chto bleden tak?''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 18
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro vivo—Moderato
| Беседе честной<br/>''Besede chestnoy''
|-
| '''Quartet with Chorus''' (Квартет с хором)<br/>Andante
| Ради матушки родимой<br/>''Radi matushki rodimoy''
|-
| No. 19
| '''Closing Scene''' (Заключительная сцена)<br/>Allegro
| Что ж ты, голубушка?<br/>''Chto zh ty, golobushka?''
|}
A complete performance of the opera lasts around 100 minutes.


==Libretto==
5) В 3-ей карт[ине] того же акта на стр[анице] 114 изменил инструментовку двух тактов.
The libretto was compiled by Tchaikovsky himself <ref name="note3"/>, after the drama ''The Oprichniks'' (Опричники) (1843) by [[Ivan Lazhechnikov]].  


The first reference to his intention to write an opera "on a subject adapted from [[Ivan Lazhechnikov]]'s tragedy ''The Oprichniks''" is found in a letter from the composer to [[Aleksandra Davydova]] of 5/17 February 1870 <ref name="note4"/>. The tragedy ''The Oprichniks'' was produced for the first time on the stage of the Maly Theatre in [[Moscow]] on 6/18 October 1867, and was performed fifteen times that season, and once more in the 1869/70 season. It is highly likely that Tchaikovsky saw the tragedy, in which [[Ivan Samarin]], Nikolay Vilde, [[Prov Sadovsky]] and others took part, which led to the idea of an opera based on the same subject.
Кроме этих незначительных поправок, я ничего не мог сделать. Везде, где мне хотелось существенно изменить аккомпанемент оркестра, дабы выдвинуть голоса, я встречал неодолимые препятствия, т. е. приходилось или изменять не только оркестр, но и самую музыку, или же оставлять по-старому. Приходилось решаться на последнее. Напр[имер], в сцене Вакулы и Беса после танцев во дворце слов совсем не слышно, потому что сложные фигуры оркестра мешают певцам говорить свободно, — но как, я мог тут помочь делу, не изменив радикально музыки? По миновании надобности в партитуре, покорнейше прошу Вас, добрейший Эдуард Францович, отослать её в магазин Юргенсона на Большой Морской для пересылки брату его.


Unfortunately, no references to Tchaikovsky's work on the libretto have been discovered. For the first scene of Act I, the composer used almost the entire libretto from the first scene of ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]''.
Надеюсь, что Вы уже получили скерцо 4-ой симфонии.


The text of the additional aria for Prince Vyazminsky (Act II, No. 9a) was written in 1878 by [[Grigory Lishin]].
Искренно уважающий и преданный,
{{right|П. Чайковский}}


===Synopsis===
|Translated text={{right|''[[Kamenka]]''<br/>7 November}}
The action takes place in the 16th century in [[Moscow]], during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
{{centre|Most respected [[Eduard Frantsovich]]!}}
Here are the changes which, following your advice, I have made in "''[[Vakula]]''".


{{quote|'''Act I'''. Evening in Prince Zhemchuzhny's garden. The Prince has promised his daughter Natalya in marriage to Molchan Mitkov. She bemoans this fate to her old nurse Zakharyevna and her maids. Her true love Andrey Morozov arrives with his friend Basmanov, the Tsar's favourite, and a group of oprichniks (the Tsar's personal paid bodyguards). On Basmanov's advice, Andrey has decided to join the guard in order to take revenge on the Prince for having robbed and evicted him and his mother. When they have gone, Natalya returns and mourns his loss, unconsoled by the singing and dancing of her maids.}}
1) At the end of the first scene I found it possible to make a significant cut, which, it seems to me, is extremely beneficial to the general effectiveness of this scene. I have struck out the whole scene of ''Chub with Panas'', as well as the following chorus (a repetition of what has gone before), and from the chorus's words "''creep into the clearing" through one-and-a-half bars I'm jumping directly to the coda, i.e. in the rough copy of the full score which my brother will be giving you, this cut commences on bar 5 of the 38th page, and finished on bar 3 of the 45th.


{{quote|'''Act II'''. In her peasant hut (Scene 1), Andrey's mother, the Boyarynya Morozova, laments on her misfortunes and worries about Andrey's association with the oprichniks. Andrey comes to tell her of his friendship with Basmanov, but she refuses all help from the oprichniks. Andrey does not tell her of his plans to enlist. At the Tsar's headquarters in Aleksandrovskoye (Scene 2). Andrey takes a solemn oath of total loyalty to the Tsar, and has to renounce all previous liaisons with his relatives, his mother and his beloved Natalya. Their family's old enemy Prince Vyazminsky does not trust the new recruit, but under pressure from Basmanov, he agrees to accept Andrey as a new oprichnik.}}
2) I've tinkered with the orchestration throughout the end of the second scene. Starting from
{{center|[[File:0962 ex1.jpg|350px]]}}
I've struck out all the wind instruments, with the exception of the 1st flute and 1st clarinet, which preserve the notes:
{{center|[[File:0962 ex2.jpg|150px]]}}
Instead of two horns in unison, only the first horn alone will enter on the fourth bar of page 82 and the fourth bar of 83. On pages 85 and 86 I've struck out all the woodwinds, and also the second pair of horns and trumpets; in this passage I've put the strings mf instead of f.


{{quote|'''Act III'''. In a square in Moscow, the crowds complain about the behaviour of the oprichniks, and Andrey's mother is taunted by boys as a “she oprichnik”. Natalya runs into her arms for protection from the pursuing Zhemchuzhny and her old groom. Andrey appears in time to save her, but the two women are horrified to find that his companions are the oprichniks. The Boyarynya Morozova condemns her son, and solemnly disowns and curses him. All are stunned at this turn of events. Basmanov suggests that the Tsar might consent to release him from his oath.}}
3) On the 87th page I've allowed myself to make a cut and alterations in this passage, which I strongly urge you to agree to.  This should present no difficulties whatsoever for the orchestra, although ''Oksana'' will have to learn the words "''I both want to weep and cry with laughter''" with different music, which should also be no trouble for Mrs [[Raab]]. The change occurs after Vakula's departure, the orchestra playing another five bars and stopping on the 6th, at the first quaver. Here Oksana sings recitatives to the words "''want to weep''", after which a quartet plays three chords, before Oksana says "''and cry with laughter''". Then after the cut the orchestra enters, playing the last six bars of the scene as before, but omitting one bar for the sake of rhythmic symmetry. In short, this whole passage will be refashioned as follows:
{{center|[[File:0962 ex3.jpg|350px]]}}
If it proves difficult for you to insert the three chords into the quartet parts, then one bar after the words "want to weep" may be omitted. But I most earnestly implore you and Mrs [[Raab]] to consent to this insignificant alteration.


{{quote|'''Act IV'''. At the Tsar's quarters in Aleksandrovskoye, the wedding of Andrey and Natalya is taking place. Andrey is to be released from his oath at midnight. But before that hour, Prince Vyazminsky interrupts the festivities with news that the Tsar has sent for Natalya. Despite Vyazminsky's insistence that this is only a test of Andrey's loyalty, Andrey breaks his oath by refusing to let her go. He is arrested and Natalya is carried away to the Tsar. Vyazminsky leads the Boyarynya Morozova to the window, where she sees Andrey being executed. She screams and collapses to the ground, dead <ref name="note5"/>.}}
4) In the 1st scene of Act 3, page 38, I've changed the instrumentation of two bars:
{{center|[[File:0962 ex4.jpg|350px]]}}


==Composition==
5) In the 3rd scene of the same act on page 114 I've changed the instrumentation of two bars.
Initially work on the opera progressed slowly, which is evident from the composer's letters: "I've been terribly lazy of late; the opera is stuck at the first chorus" <ref name="note6"/>. "In four weeks I've written nothing" <ref name="note7"/>. By mid/late April he had written "only a couple of scenes" <ref name="note8"/>.


On 23 April/5 May 1870, the composer wrote to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]]: "My opera is going very sluggishly. I think the reason for this is that although the subject is very good, it doesn't inspire me" <ref name="note9"/>. He reported the same to [[Ivan Klimenko]] on 1/13 May: "My opera ("The Oprichnik") is going very sluggishly, and I doubt that it will be finished within two years" <ref name="note10"/>.
Apart from these unimportant corrections, I can do no more. Wherever I wanted to make substantial changes to the orchestral accompaniment, in order to enhance the voices, I encountered insurmountable obstacles, i.e. I would either have to change not only not only the orchestra, but the music itself, or to leave everything as it was. I had to settle for the latter. For example, in the scene with Vakula and the Devil, after the dances in the palace no words are audible at all, because the complex figuration in the orchestra prevent the singers from singing freely — but how could I improve this without radically altering the music? When you no longer require the full score, I humbly request you, most kind [[Eduard Frantsovich]], to send it to [[Jurgenson]]'s store on Greater Morskaya, for forwarding to his brother.


On 18/30 May, Tchaikovsky travelled abroad, from where he returned in August. On 17/29 September 1870, the composer told [[Modest Tchaikovsky]]: "I've had no serious interest in anything all summer, apart from doing some new work on my overture to "[[Romeo]]". I'm starting to write the opera again, but very lazily" <ref name="note11"/>.
I hope that you have already received the scherzo of the [[Symphony No. 4|4th symphony]].


Throughout 1870, work on the opera was largely insignificant. No systematic work was done in the first months of 1871, as during February Tchaikovsky was mainly occupied with composing his [[First String Quartet]].
With sincere respect and devotion,
 
{{right|P. Tchaikovsky}}
Tchaikovsky's letters from this period contain only a few brief notes about his work on the opera: 'I'm working little by little" <ref name="note12"/>, "I've written a little more of the new opera" <ref name="note13"/>, and "I'm writing the opera" <ref name="note14"/>.
}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Letter 0962}}
In the spring, however, work became more intensive. On 29 May/10 June 1871, leaving to spend the summer at [[Kamenka]], Tchaikovsky told [[Mily Balakirev]] that "all my soul is committed to composing the opera ''The Oprichnik''" <ref name="note15"/>. No information survives as to what was composed at [[Kamenka]]. It is only known that by 15/27 July 1871 the instrumentation of Act I had been finished <ref name="note16"/>.
 
Returning to [[Moscow]] on 28 September/10 October, the composer told [[Nikolay Tchaikovsky]]: "I'm very assiduously composing the opera, which should be ready by the end of the year" <ref name="note17"/>. "I expect that this unfortunate opera will suffer the fate of my ''[[Undina]]'', but nevertheless I want to finish it, because until then I won't be in a position to give my attention to any other works", he wrote to [[Mily Balakirev]] on 22 October/3 November 1871 <ref name="note18"/>. In Tchaikovsky's own words, the opera was "progressing slowly" <ref name="note19"/>, although he was hurrying to finish it by the spring.
 
In late December/early January, Tchaikovsky again left to travel abroad, returning in late January/early February 1872 <ref name="note20"/>. Information on his work on the opera during this period has not been discovered. According to the date on the manuscript, the instrumentation was completed on 20 March/1 April 1872 in [[Moscow]]. In a letter of 4/16 May 1872, Tchaikovsky informed [[Eduard Nápravník]] that he was sending the full score to [[Saint Petersburg]] the next day, and asked him "to look favourably on this composition and to use your good offices to secure its production" <ref name="note21"/>.
 
In January 1874, Tchaikovsky arrived in [[Saint Petersburg]] for discussions with [[Nápravník]] concerning the staging of the opera in [[Saint Petersburg]]. During rehearsals for this production, [[Nápravník]] asked Tchaikovsky to make some changes.
 
"For four whole days I've been working on cuts and changes to the score", the composer wrote to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]] on 24 January/5 February. "I've seen [[Bessel]]. I'm glad to say that the problems with the censor have been overcome successfully. Everything is ready; from the second week in Lent rehearsals will take place every day" <ref name="note22"/>.
 
In September 1878, [[Bogomir Korsov]], performing the role of Vyazminsky at [[Moscow]]'s Bolshoi Theatre, asked Tchaikovsky to write an additional aria for him. The composer flatly refused to carry out this request: " I must warn you that neither now, nor in the foreseeable future, will I be ''able'' to fulfil your request, despite my fervent wish to do so. There are certain periods, certain states of mind, when it is impossible to work. I find myself precisely in this state and nothing in the world at this moment could release me from this sort of moral and intellectual torpor which utterly stands between me and any hint of artistic creativity. I put this to you as an artist and as a friend, and ask you not to press the matter" <ref name="note23"/>. At this time Tchaikovsky decided to resign from the [[Moscow]] Conservatory. While refusing the request, he suggested that [[Korsov]] should ask the composer [[Grigory Lishin]] to write the additional aria, provided this was stated on the concert bills. But [[Korsov]] persisted, and Tchaikovsky relented.
 
On 7/19 October 1878, the aria was despatched to [[Korsov]] <ref name="note24"/>. In an accompanying letter, Tchaikovsky wrote: "Here is the aria which I promised you... If you do not consider it to be suitable, remember that I have done you a favour, and that at the moment I'm not at all in the frame of mind for composition... The aria has two couplets. It should be inserted after the chorus 'Its light flows upon us', page 110 in the vocal-piano reduction, first line, 4th bar".
 
The composition of this additional aria was confirmed in the following report by Mikhail Ivanov in the journal ''New Time'' in 1897: "In passing we note that Tchaikovsky wrote a separate aria for the part of Vyazminsky, when'' The Oprichnik'' was given in [[Moscow]]. He wrote it especially for Mr [[Korsov]], who has kept it until now. The aria was not considered to be meretricious, either by the composer or the artist, and has never been performed or published" <ref name="note25"/>. The vocal-piano reduction of this aria was only rediscovered and published in 1986 <ref name="note26"/>.
 
In his article, Mikhail Ivanov also mentions that Tchaikovsky wrote an additional aria for Olga Puskova, a singer at the [[Kiev]] Theatre who performed the role of Basmanov. This is borne out by a letter from Tchaikovsky to [[Iosif Setov]] of 18/30 November 1874: "For God's sake don't think that I have forgotten my promise to write an aria for Puskova... I certainly don't know where to incorporate an aria for Basmanov. If inserted in the first act after Andrey's additional aria, wouldn't it hold up the action? For God's sake tell me where to insert this aria and what the text should be, whether you still want this, and whether you want it to be sent to you or should I write it when I come to [[Kiev]]?" <ref name="note27"/>.
 
It is unclear whether this additional aria for Basmanov was written, or whether he had already produced his own additional aria for Andrey in Act I.
 
In later years (1884–88), Tchaikovsky often talked about the need for radical alterations to the opera <ref name="note28"/>. During the last year of his life, Tchaikovsky firmly decided to make a new version of ''The Oprichnik'', and he withdrew the manuscript score from the music department of the Imperial Theatres. However, he did not succeed in carrying out this intention, and the full score was returned to the music department after the composer's death.
 
According to the composer's brother [[Modest]], the Entr'acte to Act II of the opera was composed and orchestrated by Tchaikovsky's student [[Vladimir Shilovsky]] <ref name="note29"/>, but there is no evidence of this in Tchaikovsky's autograph score.
 
==Arrangements==
The vocal-piano reduction was arranged for voices with piano by Tchaikovsky between February and April 1873 <ref name="note30"/>.
 
==Performances==
Tchaikovsky entrusted the publisher [[Vasily Bessel]] with arrangements for the production of the opera in [[Saint Petersburg]] <ref name="note31"/>. This production was considerably delayed, and met with a number of difficulties, principally from the censor <ref name="note32"/>. The first production of the opera eventually took place in [[Saint Petersburg]] on 12/24 April 1874 at the Mariinsky Theatre, for [[Eduard Nápravník]]'s benefit, and was conducted by him. The soloists were: Vasily Vasilyev I (''Zhemchuzhny''), [[Wilhelmina Raab]] (''Natalya''), Vladimir Sobolev (''Mitkov''), [[Aleksandra Krutikova]] (''Morozova''), [[Dmitry Orlov]] (''Andrey''), Vasily Vasilyev II (''Basmanov''), [[Ivan Melnikov]] (''Vyazminsky'') and [[Olga Nápravník (mother)|Olga Schroeder]] (''Zakharyevna'').
 
From the first rehearsals, Tchaikovsky experienced a profound disappointment with his composition. "No movement, no style, no inspiration!" <ref name="note33"/>. "I couldn't stand the fiasco, yet at the same time received an excellent lesson in opera composition, because at the first rehearsals I could see my elementary blunders which I shall certainly not commit when writing my next operas", the composer wrote to [[Vasily Bessel]] on 18/30 May 1874 <ref name="note34"/>. However, [[Bessel]] later recalled that the first production in [[Saint Petersburg]] "was a real triumph for Tchaikovsky; it undoubtedly rekindled his interest in the operatic genre... and also consolidated his aptitude for the stage" <ref name="note35"/>.
 
''The Oprichnik'' was first produced on the [[Moscow]] stage on 4/16 May 1875 in the Bolshoi Theatre, at the benefit for singer Stepan Demidov, conducted by Eduard Merten, with soloists: Stepan Demidov (''Zhemchuzhny''), Smelskaya (''Natalya''), [[Yevlaliya Kadmina]] (''Morozova''), [[Aleksandr Dodonov]] (''Andrey''), Anna Aristova (''Basmanov'') and Platon Radonezhsky (''Vyazminsky''). Tchaikovsky wrote on 12/24 May to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]]: "I was present at numerous rehearsals of ''The Oprichnik'', and with stoical fortitude I endured the systematic mutilation of this ill-fated opera, but without disgracing myself. However, the production of ''The Oprichnik'' last Sunday did not correspond with my expectations, in the sense that I was expecting far worse. They all tried very hard" <ref name="note36"/>.
 
''The Oprichnik'' was the first of Tchaikovsky's operas to be performed on the provincial stages. On 26 July/7 August 1874, ''The Oprichnik'' had exceptional success in [[Odessa]], in a joint production between Ferdinand Berger's opera company and the [[Saint Petersburg]] Imperial Opera. The cast included [[Wilhelmina Raab]] (''Natalya''), [[Yelizaveta Lavrovskaya]] (''Morozova''), Dmitry Orlov (''Andrey'') and [[Bogomir Korsov]] (''Vyazminsky'').
 
In [[Kiev]], the premiere took place at the city's Opera Theatre on 9/21 December 1874 in the presence of the composer, with Yekaterina Massini (''Natalya''), [[Mariya Ilyina]] (''Morozova''), Dmitry Orlov (''Andrey''), Olga Puskova (''Basmanov''), and Fyodor Stravinsky (''Vyazminsky''). Press reports were also favourable.
 
In the 1879/80 season, ''The Oprichnik'' should have been revived on the stage of the Bolshoi Theatre in [[Moscow]]. The premiere was scheduled for 28 December/9 January, but after the dress rehearsals the production was cancelled by government decree. Tchaikovsky wrote about this to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] on 8/20 February 1880: "The story of ''The Oprichnik'' is very curious: it has been banned, because the subject is considered to be too revolutionary for the present time" <ref name="note37"/>.
 
A concert performance of ''The Oprichnik'' was given at the Usher Hall, Edinburgh on 20 August 1992, conducted by Mark Ermler. The soloists were: Piotr Nowacki (''Zhemchuzhny''), Galina Gorchakova (''Natalya''), David Morrison (''Mitkov''), Ludmila Nam (''Morozova''), Paolo Kudriavchenko (''Andrey''), Anne Collins (''Basmanov''), Vladimir Gluschak (''Vyazminsky'') and Fiona Kimm (''Zakharyevna''). This appears to have been the first complete performance in Great Britain <ref name="note37A"/>.
 
==Publication==
On 27 May/8 June an agreement was concluded with [[Vasily Bessel]], giving him the rights to publish the opera and libretto, and also the piano arrangements and vocal-piano reduction <ref name="note38"/>.
 
The vocal-piano reduction of ''The Oprichnik'' was duly published by [[Bessel]] in February 1874 <ref name="note39"/>. During publication, the censors demanded changes to the text of Basmanov's arioso. And so, in a letter to [[Bessel]] of 25 March/6 April 1873, Tchaikovsky wrote: "I'm sending you the lines to replace the proscribed text in Basmanov's arioso... Of course, the previous lines were better, but these will have to do" <ref name="note40"/>.
 
On 30 May/11 June 1891, [[Vasily Bessel]] suggested to Tchaikovsky that the full score should be published, but met with strong opposition. In a letter to [[Bessel]] of 2/14 June 1891 from [[Maydanovo]], Tchaikovsky wrote: "''I absolutely forbid you to engrave, print or publish the full score of my opera 'The Oprichnik'''... The reason is as follows: The full score of an opera should only be printed if and when it is being staged somewhere, and with this in mind, there is clearly no demand at present. Currently the opera ''The Oprichnik'' is being given nowhere, and while I am alive I will do everything possible to prevent it being put on anywhere in Russia, at least not in its present form. To print an opera which is being performed nowhere, which is musically deficient and with absolutely outrageous orchestration, would be completely irrational. You know that I've more or less decided at some future date to subject ''The Oprichnik'' to radical revisions. Provided I live long enough, I shall certainly do this at the first opportunity" <ref name="note41"/>.
 
[[Vasily Bessel]] did not publish the full score during Tchaikovsky's lifetime. It was first published only in 1896 (passed by the censor on 16/28 October 1896). [[Sergey Taneyev]] assisted in preparing the full score for publication.
 
The full score and vocal-piano reduction of ''The Oprichnik'' were published in volumes 3 and 34 respectively of Tchaikovsky's ''[[Complete Collected Works]]'', edited by Anatoly Dmitriyev (1959). They include the original versions of the scenes revised by the composer after the opera's premiere.
 
==Autographs==
Tchaikovsky's manuscript full score of the opera is preserved in the Central Music Library of the Mariinsky Theatre in [[Saint Petersburg]] (VII.1.4.154).
 
The autograph of the composer's vocal-piano reduction has been lost, but his piano arrangement of the opera's Introduction survives in the {{RUS-Mcm}} in [[Moscow]] {{TOW2|oprichnik-opera-v-4-h-deystviyah-5-ti-kartinah|(ф. 88, No. 37)}}, and his arrangement of the Act III Entr'acte is in the [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive (a{{sup|1}}, No. 4).
 
The {{RUS-Mcm}} also hold the autographs of Tchaikovsky's libretto for the opera {{TOW2|oprichnik-opera-v-4-h-deystviyah-5-ti-kartinah-libretto|(ф. 88, No. 38)}}, and a draft outline scenario {{TOW2|oprichnik-opera-v-4-h-deystviyah-5-ti-kartinah-scenarnyy-plan|(ф. 42, No. 274b)}}.
 
==Recordings==
{{reclink}}
 
==Dedication==
The opera is dedicated to [[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich]] (1827–1892), who was President of the Russian Musical Society.
 
==Related Works==
While composing the opera ''The Oprichnik'', Tchaikovsky used music from his destroyed opera ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]'' (1867-68), and some other works:
* Act I, No. 1. The opening Allegretto comodo is based on an episode in Act I (No. 7) of the earlier opera
* Act I, No. 2. The opening Chorus of Maidens is reworked from the opening chorus (Act I, No. 1) of ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]'', and the following song for Natalya is based on Marya's Song (Act II, No. 5) from the same opera
* Act I, No. 3. This Scene is also partly based on music from Act I (No. 2) of ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]''
* Act I, No. 4. The Scene is based on music from Act I (No. 3) of the earlier opera
* Act I, No. 6. The Chorus (from bar 123) is based on the Khorovod (Act II, No. 9) from ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]''
* Act II, No. 8. The opening C-major section of the Scene is based on Bastryukov's Aria (Act II, No. 2) from ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]'', and the end of the Duet is taken from Act II (No. 3) of the same
* Act IV, No. 16. Andrey's farewell speech is based on Bastryukov's Song from Act I (No. 9) of ''[[The Voyevoda (opera)|The Voyevoda]]'', and the Andante sostenuto section of the following Duet (from bar 237) uses a theme from the central section of the symphonic fantasia ''[[Fatum]]''.
 
The Dances of Oprichniks and Women (Act IV, No. 15) are based on the folksongs ''Our Wine Cellar'' (Винный наш колодец), ''Floating and Rising'' (Плывет, восплывает), ''Master Andrey Made Merry'' (Гулял Андрей господин), ''Merry Katya'' (Катенька веселая) and ''Little Ivan Wears a Big Hat'' (На Иванушке чапан). The melodies of these songs were used in Tchaikovsky's collection of [[Fifty Russian Folksongs]] for piano duet (1868-69).
 
In 1877, at the request of [[Nadezhda von Meck]], Tchaikovsky composed a [[Funeral March on Motifs from the Opera 'The Oprichnik'|Funeral March]] for piano duet on motifs from ''The Oprichnik'', which remains lost.
 
==External Links==
* {{imslpscore|The_Oprichnik_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)|''The Oprichnik''}}
 
==Notes and References==
<references>
<ref name="note1">The autograph full score does not use through-numbering, while the first editions have the Introduction as "No. 1", the following Entertainment Scene as "No. 2", etc., up to the closing scene of Act III ("No. 20").</ref>
<ref name="note2">This additional aria was written in 1878, and was published for the first time in 1986. It does not, therefore, appear in any editions of the opera published prior to that date.</ref>
<ref name="note3">[[Ivan Lazhechnikov]]'s tragedy ''The Oprichnik'' was written in 5 acts and 11 scenes. In his libretto, Tchaikovsky made some changes to the structure of the tragedy.</ref>
<ref name="note4">[[Letter 179]] to [[Aleksandra Davydova]], 5/17 February 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note5">From {{bib|2002/22|The Tchaikovsky Handbook, vol. 1}} (2002), p. 22–23.</ref>
<ref name="note6">[[Letter 184]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 7/19 March 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note7">[[Letter 185]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 26 March/7 April 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note8">[[Letter 188]] to [[Lev Davydov]], mid/late April 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note9">[[Letter 189]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 23 April/5 May 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note10">[[Letter 190]] to [[Ivan Klimenko]], 1/15–4/16 May 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note11">[[Letter 206]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 17/29 September 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note12">[[Letter 215]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 1/13 November 1870.</ref>
<ref name="note13">[[Letter 219]] to [[Aleksandra Davydova]], 20 December 1870/1 January 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note14">[[Letter 228]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 3/15 February 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note15">[[Letter 235]] to [[Mily Balakirev]], 29 May/10 June 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note16">See [[Letter 236]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 15/27 July 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note17">[[Letter 240]] to [[Nikolay Tchaikovsky]], 28 September/10 October 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note18">[[Letter 242]] to [[Mily Balakirev]], 8/20 October 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note19">See [[Letter 243]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 2/14 December 1871, and [[Letter 244]] to [[Aleksandra Davydova]], 9/21 December 1871.</ref>
<ref name="note20">See [[Letter 249]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 1/13 January 1872, and [[Letter 251]] to [[Ilya Tchaikovsky]], 31 January/12 February 1872.</ref>
<ref name="note21">[[Letter 255]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 4/16 May 1872.</ref>
<ref name="note22">[[Letter 336]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 24 January/5 February 1874. In 1873, Lent began on 11/23 February, so the rehearsals mentioned by Tchaikovsky presumably began on 18 February/2 March.</ref>
<ref name="note23">[[Letter 919]] to [[Bogomir Korsov]], 22 September/4 October 1878.</ref>
<ref name="note24">[[Letter 933]] to [[Bogomir Korsov]], 7/19 October 1878.</ref>
<ref name="note25">{{und|Новое время}} [New Time], 8 September 1896.</ref>
<ref name="note26">A manuscript copy of this additional aria made by the conductor [[Eduard Nápravník]] is preserved in the [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive. See N. N. Sinkovskaya, {{bib|1986/53|Неизвестная страница}} (1986).</ref>
<ref name="note27">[[Letter 371]] to [[Iosif Setov]], 18/30 November 1874.</ref>
<ref name="note28">See [[Letter 2573]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 22 October/3 November 1884, and the composer's diary entries for 12/24, 15/27 and 16/28 November 1886.</ref>
<ref name="note29">See {{bib|1900/35|Жизнь Петра Ильича Чайковского, том 1}} (1900), p. 390. However, [[Modest]]'s claim is challenged in {{bib|2006/31| Thematic and Bibliographical Catalogue of P. I. Čajkovskij's Works}} (2006), p. 39.</ref>
<ref name="note30">See [[Letter 288]] to [[Ilya Tchaikovsky]], 5/17 February 1873, and [[Letter 299]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 21 April/3 May 1873.</ref>
<ref name="note31">See [[Letter 284]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 2/14 January 1873.</ref>
<ref name="note32">See [[Letter 296]] and [[Letter 322]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 25 March/6 April 1873 and 18/30 October 1873.</ref>
<ref name="note33">[[Letter 351]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 27 April/9 May 1874.</ref>
<ref name="note34">[[Letter 352]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 18/30 May 1874.</ref>
<ref name="note35">[[Vasily Bessel]], {{bib|1898/5|Мои воспоминания о П. И. Чайковском}} (1898).</ref>
<ref name="note36">[[Letter 400]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 12/24 May 1875. Prior to this production, the Wedding Chorus (Act IV, No. 14) had been performed at the 7th Russian Musical Society symphony concert in [[Moscow]] on 21 January/2 February 1872, conducted by [[Nikolay Rubinstein]]. The latter also conducted the Entr'acte & Chorus of People (Act III, No. 10), Natalya's Arioso (Act I, No. 6), the Duet (Act IV, No. 16) and the Dances of the Oprichniks and Women (Act IV, No. 15) at the 9th RMS symphony concert in the city on 14/26 March 1874, with [[Aleksandra Aleksandrova-Kochetova]] as Natalya, and Aleksandr Dodonov as Andrey.</ref>
<ref name="note37">[[Letter 1423]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 8/20–10/22 February 1880. The censor appears to have relented, and the opera was produced at the Bolshoi on 12/24 February 1880, conducted by [[Enrico Bevignani]].</ref>
<ref name="note37A">It should be noted that the opera's Introduction and the Dances of Oprichniks and Women (Act IV, No. 15) received their British premieres at a promenade concert in the Queen's Hall, [[London]] on 8/21 September 1905, conducted by Henry Wood.</ref>
<ref name="note38">A copy of this agreement is preserved in the [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive.</ref>
<ref name="note39">See [[Letter 340]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 19 February/3 March 1874.</ref>
<ref name="note40">[[Letter 296]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 25 March/9 April 1873.</ref>
<ref name="note41">[[Letter 4389]] to [[Vasily Bessel]], 2/14 June 1891.</ref>
</references>
[[Category:Operas|Oprichnik]]

Latest revision as of 19:45, 9 September 2023

Date 7/19 November 1878
Addressed to Eduard Nápravník
Where written Kamenka
Language Russian
Autograph Location Saint Petersburg (Russia): Saint Petersburg State Museum of Theatre and Music (Гик. 17195/13)
Publication Чайковский. Воспоминания и письма (1924), p. 120–122
Переписка Е. Ф. Направника с П. И. Чайковским (1959), p. 103–105
П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений, том VII (1962), p. 451–453

Text and Translation

Russian text
(original)
English translation
By Brett Langston
Каменка
7 ноября

Многоуважаемый Эдуард Францович!

Вот изменения, которые, согласно Вашему совету, я сделал в «Вакуле».

1) В конце первой картины я нашёл возможным сделать значительную купюру, которая, мне кажется, весьма выгодно отразится на общем эффекте этой картины. Всю сцену Чуба с Панасом, а также следующий хор (повторение предыдущего) я вычёркиваю и от слов хора «ползут на поляны» через полтора такта перескакиваю прямо на коду, т. е. на черновой партитуре, которую передаст Вам брат, эта купюра начнётся на 5 такте 38-ой страницы и кончится на 3 такте 45-ой.

2) Весь конец второй картины я слегка изменил в оркестре. Начиная с

0962 ex1.jpg

я вычеркнул все духовые инструменты, за исключением 1-ой флейты и 1-го кларнета, которые сохранили нотки:

0962 ex2.jpg

Вместо двух валторн унисоном вступит на четвёртом такте 82 и четвёртом такте 83 стр[аницы] одна только первая валторна. На стр[аныцы] 85 и 86 я вычеркнул все деревянные, а также вторую пару валторн и трубы; вместо f у струнных в этом месте я поставил mf.

3) На стр[анице] 87-ой этого же места я позволил себе сделать купюру и изменение, на которое убедительно прошу Вас согласиться. Для оркестра это не представит никакого затруднения, а Оксане придётся слова: «и плакать хочется и разбирает смех» — выучить с другой музыкой, что для г[оспо]жи Рааб тоже не трудно. Изменение состоит в том, что по уходе Вакулы оркестр играет ещё пять тактов и останавливается на 6-ом, на первой восьмой. Здесь Оксана речитативом поёт слова «и плакать хочется», после чего квартет играет три аккорда, и затем Оксана говорит «и разбирает смех». Тут оркестр вступает после купюры, играет последние шесть тактов картины по-старому, но один такт ради симметрии ритма я пропустил. Одним словом, все это место получит следующий вид:

0962 ex3.jpg

Если вписать три аккорда в голоса квартета Вы найдёте затруднительным, то можно один такт после слов «и плакать хочется» пропустить. Но я самым убедительным образом прошу Вас и госпожу Рааб согласиться на это незначительное изменение.

4) В 1-ой картине 3 акта, стр[аница] 28, изменил инструментовку двух тактов:

0962 ex4.jpg

5) В 3-ей карт[ине] того же акта на стр[анице] 114 изменил инструментовку двух тактов.

Кроме этих незначительных поправок, я ничего не мог сделать. Везде, где мне хотелось существенно изменить аккомпанемент оркестра, дабы выдвинуть голоса, я встречал неодолимые препятствия, т. е. приходилось или изменять не только оркестр, но и самую музыку, или же оставлять по-старому. Приходилось решаться на последнее. Напр[имер], в сцене Вакулы и Беса после танцев во дворце слов совсем не слышно, потому что сложные фигуры оркестра мешают певцам говорить свободно, — но как, я мог тут помочь делу, не изменив радикально музыки? По миновании надобности в партитуре, покорнейше прошу Вас, добрейший Эдуард Францович, отослать её в магазин Юргенсона на Большой Морской для пересылки брату его.

Надеюсь, что Вы уже получили скерцо 4-ой симфонии.

Искренно уважающий и преданный,

П. Чайковский

Kamenka
7 November

Most respected Eduard Frantsovich!

Here are the changes which, following your advice, I have made in "Vakula".

1) At the end of the first scene I found it possible to make a significant cut, which, it seems to me, is extremely beneficial to the general effectiveness of this scene. I have struck out the whole scene of Chub with Panas, as well as the following chorus (a repetition of what has gone before), and from the chorus's words "creep into the clearing" through one-and-a-half bars I'm jumping directly to the coda, i.e. in the rough copy of the full score which my brother will be giving you, this cut commences on bar 5 of the 38th page, and finished on bar 3 of the 45th.

2) I've tinkered with the orchestration throughout the end of the second scene. Starting from

0962 ex1.jpg

I've struck out all the wind instruments, with the exception of the 1st flute and 1st clarinet, which preserve the notes:

0962 ex2.jpg

Instead of two horns in unison, only the first horn alone will enter on the fourth bar of page 82 and the fourth bar of 83. On pages 85 and 86 I've struck out all the woodwinds, and also the second pair of horns and trumpets; in this passage I've put the strings mf instead of f.

3) On the 87th page I've allowed myself to make a cut and alterations in this passage, which I strongly urge you to agree to. This should present no difficulties whatsoever for the orchestra, although Oksana will have to learn the words "I both want to weep and cry with laughter" with different music, which should also be no trouble for Mrs Raab. The change occurs after Vakula's departure, the orchestra playing another five bars and stopping on the 6th, at the first quaver. Here Oksana sings recitatives to the words "want to weep", after which a quartet plays three chords, before Oksana says "and cry with laughter". Then after the cut the orchestra enters, playing the last six bars of the scene as before, but omitting one bar for the sake of rhythmic symmetry. In short, this whole passage will be refashioned as follows:

0962 ex3.jpg

If it proves difficult for you to insert the three chords into the quartet parts, then one bar after the words "want to weep" may be omitted. But I most earnestly implore you and Mrs Raab to consent to this insignificant alteration.

4) In the 1st scene of Act 3, page 38, I've changed the instrumentation of two bars:

0962 ex4.jpg

5) In the 3rd scene of the same act on page 114 I've changed the instrumentation of two bars.

Apart from these unimportant corrections, I can do no more. Wherever I wanted to make substantial changes to the orchestral accompaniment, in order to enhance the voices, I encountered insurmountable obstacles, i.e. I would either have to change not only not only the orchestra, but the music itself, or to leave everything as it was. I had to settle for the latter. For example, in the scene with Vakula and the Devil, after the dances in the palace no words are audible at all, because the complex figuration in the orchestra prevent the singers from singing freely — but how could I improve this without radically altering the music? When you no longer require the full score, I humbly request you, most kind Eduard Frantsovich, to send it to Jurgenson's store on Greater Morskaya, for forwarding to his brother.

I hope that you have already received the scherzo of the 4th symphony.

With sincere respect and devotion,

P. Tchaikovsky