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| Tchaikovsky's '''''Symphony No. 3''''' in D major, [[Op.]] 29 ([[TH]] 26 ; [[ČW]] 23), was composed and orchestrated between June and August 1875. It is his only symphony in a major key, and to have five movements <ref name="note1"/>. | | {{letterhead |
| | |Date=9/21 August 1880 |
| | |To=[[Modest Tchaikovsky]] |
| | |Place=[[Kamenka]] |
| | |Language=Russian |
| | |Autograph=[[Klin]] (Russia): {{RUS-KLč}} (a{{sup|3}}, No. 1604) |
| | |Publication={{bib|1965/80|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений ; том IX}} (1965), p. 231 (abridged)<br/>{{bibx|2009/2|Неизвестный Чайковский}} (2009), p. 275–276 |
| | }} |
| | ==Text== |
| | {{Lettertext |
| | |Language=Russian |
| | |Translator= |
| | |Original text={{right|''Суббота'' 9 авс[уста]}} |
| | Милый Модоша! Вспомнил, что дабы ты имел в четверг свежие о нас известия, нужно написать сегодня, — и вот сажусь поскорей за письмецо. Все более или менее благополучно: больных много: ''Miss Eastwood'' (Dissenteria sanguinensis), ''Флегонт'' (febris gastrica), ''Таня'' (migrenia obstinatis), ''Толя'' (попрежнему в день по 15 болезней неизвестных названий), ''Пелазя'' (тоже какая-то febris), — но ничего серьёзного во всех этих болезнях нет. К спектаклю что-то все охладели и занимаются им как бы через силу. Сегодня рождение Мити: от меня ему были поднесены часы (да кстати и Бобу). Радость была огромная, доходившая до сумасшествия. Приехала к обеду Вера Бутакова из Вербовки и немножко всех подтянула. Был у Алекс[андры] Ив[ановны] сегодня; ей, голубушке, гораздо лучше; даже поговорила, совсем как и всегда, о том, что детей нынче не так воспитывают, как прежде. У тёти Лизы нервы не в порядке; заговорила со мной о Таниной болезни. о там, как её мучит и огорчает её постоянное нездоровье, и вдруг расплакалась. Толя живёт в большом доме, в известном тебе флигеле, но целый день проводит здесь. т. е. у меня в комнате. Я делаю корректуры концерта и «Каприччио». Уплатил свои долги Алёше и Евстафию, в которого влюблён больше чем когда-либо. Господи, что это за ангелоподобное существо и как бы я хотел быть его рабом, его вещью, его собственностью! Когда читал в твоём письме эпизод с Ваней, то тотчас же воспылал и к нему эфемерной страстью. Все эфемерно, все преходяще и лишь Остапкина красота есть ''абсолют'', перед которым я пресмыкаться буду во прах и всю жизнь мою. |
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| ==Instrumentation==
| | Модя, напиши, когда приблизительно считаешь возможным приехать сюда. Попроси у Коли прощения: письмо за мной к следующей почте. Целую и обнимаю Вас обоих. |
| The Symphony is scored for an orchestra comprising piccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in A, B-flat), 2 bassoons + 4 horns (in F), 2 trumpets (in F), 3 trombones, tuba + 3 timpani + violins I, violins II, violas, cellos, and double basses.
| | {{right|Твой П. Чайковский}} |
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| ==Movements and Duration==
| | |Translated text= |
| There are five movements:
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| <ol style="list-style-type: upper-roman;">
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| <li>''Introduzione e Allegro''. Moderato assai (Tempo di marcia funebre) (D minor) — Allegro brillante (D major) (472 bars)</li>
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| <li>''Alla tedesca''. Allegro moderato e semplice (B-flat major, 289 bars)</li>
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| <li>''Andante''. Andante elegiaco (D minor, 182 bars)</li>
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| <li>''Scherzo''. Allegro vivo (B minor, 439 bars)</li>
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| <li>''Finale''. Allegro con fuoco (Tempo di polacca) (D major, 350 bars) <ref name="note2"/></li>
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| </ol>
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| A complete performance lasts around 45 to 50 minutes.
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| ==Composition==
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| At the end of May/start of June 1875, after the [[Moscow]] Conservatory examinations, Tchaikovsky left for his friend [[Vladimir Shilovsky]]'s estate at [[Usovo]], where on 5/17 June he began to make the first sketches of the Symphony. The title page of the fair copy of the full score has the note: "Begun 5 June 1875 at [[Usovo]]. Finished 1 August 1875 at [[Verbovka]]".
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| Tchaikovsky referred to the composition of the Symphony in one of his letters to [[Aleksey]] and [[Mikhail Sofronov]]: "I am now composing a new symphony, but am taking it steadily, not spending all my time on it, and taking long walks" <ref name="note3"/>.
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| On 20 June/2 July the rough sketches of the Symphony were completed <ref name="note4"/>, and Tchaikovsky left [[Usovo]].
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| At [[Nikolay Kondratyev]]'s estate in [[Nizy]], Tchaikovsky started to orchestrate the Symphony. And so on 8/20 July 1875 he wrote to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]] from [[Nizy]]: "I'm sorry for writing so little; I'm terribly tired from work (scoring the symphony)" <ref name="note5"/>. Judging by the dates of completion found at the end of each movement on the fair copy of the manuscript, the first to be orchestrated was the fifth movement, at the end of which is written "9 July 1875. [[Nizy]]"; then, the fourth movement — "13 July 1875. [[Nizy]]".
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| On 14/26 July, Tchaikovsky left [[Nizy]] for [[Verbovka]], where he arrived on 17–18 July <ref name="note6"/>. Here the composer continued to orchestrate the Symphony, i.e. the first, second and third movements, with noting at the end of each movement its date of completion: the first movement — "26 July 1875. ''[[Verbovka]]''"; the second movement — "28 July 1875. ''[[Verbovka]]''"; the third movement — "31 July 1875. ''[[Verbovka]]''".
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| The full score was completed on 1/13 August, according to a note at the top of the title page of the manuscript. On 14/26 August, in a letter to [[Sergey Taneyev]], Tchaikovsky reported: "The symphony has been written. It was composed in Tambov province, orchestrated partly at Sumy <ref name="note7"/> and partly here. It is written in D major, and consists of five movements" <ref name="note8"/>.
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| Before the score was published in December 1876, it appears that Tchaikovsky made some cuts in the Finale, which in the autograph score is 36 bars longer than in the printed edition <ref name="note9"/>.
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| ==Performances==
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| The first performance of the Third Symphony, at which the author was present, took place in [[Moscow]] on 7/19 November 1875, at the first symphony concert of the Russian Musical Society, conducted by [[Nikolay Rubinstein]]. After its performance Tchaikovsky wrote to [[Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov]]: "As far as I can tell, this symphony does not have any particularly successful new ideas, but in terms of craftsmanship it is a step forward. I am most pleased with the 1st movement and with both scherzos, of which the second is difficult and was played not nearly as well as would have been possible if there had been more rehearsals. The thing is that our rehearsals last only 2 hours; it is true that there are three of them but what can you do in two hours? However, I was satisfied with the general performance." <ref name="note10"/>.
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| In [[Saint Petersburg]], the Third Symphony was performed for the first time on 24 January/5 February 1876, at the fifth symphony concert of the Russian Musical Society, conducted by [[Eduard Nápravník]], also in the presence of the author. Tchaikovsky wrote to his brother [[Modest]]: "My symphony fared very well, and had appreciable success. I was called for and roundly applauded" <ref name="note11"/>.
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| Other notable early performances were:
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| * [[New York]], Academy of Music, Philharmonic Society concert, 27 January/8 February 1879, conducted by Adolf Neuendorf
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| * [[Kharkov]], 2nd Russian Musical Society symphony concert, 14/26 November 1893, conducted by [[Ilya Slatin]]
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| * [[London]], Crystal Palace, 20 February/4 March 1899, conducted by August Manns
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| * Liverpool, Philharmonic Society Concert, 7/20 November 1900, conducted by Frederick Cowen.
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| ==Publication==
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| The symphony was published by [[Pyotr Jurgenson]] in [[Moscow]], with August Cranz in [[Hamburg]] acting as his European agent:
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| * Orchestral parts. Plate 2983, 25 parts (December 1876) <ref name="note14"/>
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| * Full score. Plate 2982, 162 pages (January 1877) <ref name="note14"/>
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| * Arrangement for piano 4 hands ([[Eduard Langer]]). Plate 2984, 101 pages (April 1877) <ref name="note16"/>
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| * Arrangement for solo piano (Max Lippold). Plate 26190, 72 pages (1901) <ref name="note15"/>
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| * Arrangement for 2 pianos 8 hands ([[Eduard Langer]]). Plate 27753, 93 pages (1902?)
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| * Arrangement of 2nd movement for 2 pianos 8 hands (Sergey Lyapunov). Plate 28483, 15 pages (1903) <ref name="note17"/>
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| Editions published after around 1900 were described as "Seconde édition revue et corrigée", but retained the same plate and page numbers.
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| The full score of the Symphony was published in volume 16А of Tchaikovsky's ''[[Complete Collected Works]]'', edited by Pavel Berlinsky (1949).
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| ==Autographs==
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| Tchaikovsky's autograph score is now preserved in the {{RUS-Mcm}} in [[Moscow]] {{TOW2|simfoniya-no-3|(ф. 88, No. 57)}}.
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| ==Recordings==
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| {{reclink}}
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| ==Dedication==
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| Tchaikovsky dedicated his Symphony No. 3 to [[Vladimir Shilovsky]] (1852–1893), on whose estate at [[Usovo]] the work was composed.
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| ==Related Works==
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| For the trio section of the Scherzo of the Symphony, Tchaikovsky borrowed from his [[Cantata for the Opening of the Polytechnic Exhibition]] (1872) <ref name="note13"/>.
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| In 1891 an abridged version of the Symphony's ''Alla tedesca'' (without the central section) was used by the composer as an entr'acte (Act II, No. 5) in his incidental music to ''[[Hamlet (incidental music)|Hamlet]]'' (1891).
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| ==External Links==
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| * {{imslpscore|Symphony_No.3,_Op.29_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)|Symphony No. 3}}
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| ==Notes and References==
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| <references>
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| <ref name="note1">The Symphony is sometimes referred to as the 'Polish', after the 'Tempo di polacca' marking of the Finale.</ref>
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| <ref name="note2">The tempo markings for some movements differ on the title page of Tchaikovsky's autograph score: I. Introduzione e Allegro brillante; II. Andante elegioso; V. Allegro con fuoco (Alla Pollaca) [''sic''].</ref>
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| <ref name="note3">[[Letter 405]] to [[Aleksey]] and [[Mikhail Sofronov]], 19 June/1 July 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note4">See [[Letter 409]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 14/26 August 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note5">[[Letter 408]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 8/20 July 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note6">See [[Letter 409]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 14/26 August 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note7">Sumy was the district in which [[Nizy]] was situated.</ref>
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| <ref name="note8">See [[Letter 409]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 14/26 August 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note9">With 6 extra bars after bar 110, 14 bars after bar 176, and 16 bars after bar 255. To listen to a reconstruction of the uncut version of the finale, see ''[[First Thoughts]]''.</ref>
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| <ref name="note10">[[Letter 417]] to [[Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov]], 12/24 November 1875.</ref>
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| <ref name="note11">[[Letter 442]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 28 January/9 February 1876.</ref>
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| <ref name="note13">The motif from the final part of the cantata's introduction (Allegro vivo) and from the tenor solo («Ужели вновь бороться и страдать»).</ref>
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| <ref name="note14">Advertised by Cranz in the March 1877 edition of Hofmeister's ''Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht'' (p. 54), and by [[Jurgenson]] in the October 1877 edition of the same journal (p. 278).</ref>
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| <ref name="note15">Advertised by Cranz in the October 1901 edition of Hofmeister's ''Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht'' (p. 550).</ref>
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| <ref name="note16">Advertised by Cranz in the December 1877 edition of Hofmeister's ''Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht'' (p. 346).</ref>
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| <ref name="note17">Advertised by Cranz in the September 1903 edition of Hofmeister's ''Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht'' (p. 451).</ref>
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| </references>
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| [[Category:Symphonies]]
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