Mazepa and Letter 2335: Difference between pages

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'''''Mazepa''''' (Мазепа), also known as '''''Mazeppa''''', is an opera in 3 acts and 6 scenes ([[TH]] 7 ; [[ČW]] 7), based on an historical poem by [[Aleksandr Pushkin]]. It was Tchaikovsky's seventh completed opera, composed and orchestrated between June 1881 and April 1883, with revisions in November and December 1883, March 1884, and October 1884.
{{letterhead
|Date=31 August/12 September 1883
|To=[[Eduard Nápravník]]
|Place=[[ Podushkino]]
|Language=Russian
|Autograph={{locunknown}}
|Publication={{bibx|1924/2|Чайковский. Воспоминания и письма}} (1924), p. 152–154<br/>{{bib|1959/20|Е. Ф. Направник. Автобиографические, творческие материалы, документы, письма}} (1959), p. 127–128<br/>{{bib|1970/86|П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений ; том XII}} (1970), p. 217–218
|Notes=Typed copy in [[Klin]] (Russia): {{RUS-KLč}}
}}
==Text and Translation==
Based on a typed copy in the [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive, which may contain differences in formatting and content from Tchaikovsky's original letter.
{{Lettertext
|Language=Russian
|Translator=Brett Langston
|Original text={{right|Подушкино<br/>31 августа 1883 г[ода]}}
{{centre|Дорогой друг Эдуард Францевич!}}
Очень понимаю, что Вам, ввиду неизбежных неприятностей, нельзя принять на себя распределений ролей в «''Мазепе''». Но моё положение тоже затруднительно. Признаюсь, я думал, что в предстоящем сезоне состав труппы будет гораздо богаче. Я был несколько неприятно удивлён, что Вы советуете мне отдать ''главную роль Рааб''. Я считаю это ''совершенно невозможным'', и вовсе не оттого что хочу мстить ей за огорчения, причинённые при постановке «''Орлеанской девы''», а потому, что, при всех своих достоинствах, Рааб не годится для партии Марии и у меня рука не поднимается написать её имя в распределении ролей против партии Марии. Что касается Сионицкой, то я её не знаю и из письма Вашего вижу только, что она обладает ''огоньком''. Это слишком недостаточно. Итак, я ''по доброй воле'' не согласен от дать роль Марии ни той, ни другой. Из имеющихся в труппе теноров ни один не удовлетворяет меня вполне для роли ''Андрея''. Но более всего я хотел бы Орлова, — а оказывается, что именно ему я не могу назначить роль эту. Маленькая роль ''Орлика'' требует в одной сцене отличной игры, и ''Майбороду'' я нахожу непригодным для неё. Роль матери я желали мечтал отдать ''Каменской''; Славину считаю неподходящей. Согласитесь, дорогой друг, что странно было бы, если бы теперь, наученный горьким опытом, я бы, нисколько не задумываясь, тотчас же написал то распределение ролей, которое Вы мне советуете, когда я ему не сочувствую. Только Прянишников и Мельников для партий Мазепы и Кочубея вполне пригодны, и лучшего я бы ничего не желал. Но ведь этого недостаточно. Мания ставить свои оперы ''во что бы то ни стало'' у меня прошла, и признаюсь, что я очень бы желал, чтобы, ввиду неимения примадонны для партии Марии и несоответствия сил других певиц и певцов с моими требованиями, постановка «''Мaзепы''» была бы отложена до более благоприятного времени. Представьте себя на моем месте и скажите, не правильно ли я смотрю на вещи, желая, чтобы опера лучше бы вовсе не шла, чем была обставлена не так, как следует. Прежде чем поступить решительно, т. е. обратиться в Дирекцию с официальной просьбой ''не ставить'' моей оперы, буду ждать Вашего совета и убедительно прошу Вас, милый друг, искренно высказать мне Ваше мнение. Но предупреждаю Вас, что я соглашусь, пожалуй, назначить роль Андрея ''Васильеву'', роль матери ''Славиной'', роль Орлика ''Майбороде'' и, наконец, роль Марии ''Сионицкой'' {{*}}.


==Instrumentation==
Но ни в каком случае не отдам эту последнюю роль ''Рааб''. Прошу Вас пока мест ничего никому не говорить о содержании письма этого. Чем скорее Вы мне ответите, тем лучше; с нетерпением буду ждать Вашего дружеского совета.
The opera is scored for solo voices, mixed chorus, offstage military band (part of which consists of 4 trumpets (in F) and a military drum), and an orchestra comprising 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets (in A, B-flat), 2 bassoons + 4 horns (in D, F), 2 cornets (in A, B-flat), 2 trumpets (in C, D, E-flat, E, F), 3 trombones, tuba + 3 timpani, triangle, tambourine, military drum, cymbals, bass drum + harp, violins I, violins II, violas, cellos, and double basses.


There are eight singing roles:
Я еду завтра в Киевскую губернию и адресовать прошу: ''Фастовская жел[езная] дор[ога], станция Каменка`''. Простите, многоуважаемый друг, что беспокою и затрудняю Вас.
* ''Mazepa'' (Мазепа) — baritone
* ''Kochubey'' (Кочубей) — bass
* ''Lyubov'' (Любовь) — mezzo-soprano
* ''Mariya'' (Мария) — soprano
* ''Andrey'' (Андрей) — tenor
* ''Orlik'' (Орлик) — bass
* ''Iskra'' (Искра) — 2nd tenor
* ''Drunken Cossack'' (Пьяный казак) — 2nd tenor.


==Movements and Duration==
Искренно преданный и любящий Вас,
Tchaikovsky's original score contains an introduction and 19 individual numbers. The first two acts are divided into two and three scenes respectively. The titles of numbers in Russian (Cyrillic) are taken from the published score, with English translations added in bold type. Vocal incipits are given in the right-hand column, with transliterations below in italics. The numbering, titles and tempo are taken from the first edition of the full score (published in 1899).
{{right|П. Чайковский}}
------
{{*}} Если Велинская у Вас, то уже скорее ей, чем Рааб.


{| class="wikitable"
|Translated text={{right|[[Podushkino]]<br/>31 August 1883}}
| colspan="3"|
{{centre|Dear friend [[Eduard Frantsevich]]!}}
| '''Introduction''' (Интродукция)<br/>Allegro non troppo
I very much understand how you, given the inevitable unpleasantness, cannot take upon yourself the allocation of roles in "''[[Mazepa]]''". But my position is also difficult. I confess that I thought that in the forthcoming season the composition of the company would be far richer. I am somewhat unpleasantly surprised that you advise me to give ''the principle role to [[Raab]]''. I consider this ''utterly impossible'', and it's nothing at all to do with my wanting to take revenge for all the upset she caused during the staging of "''[[The Maid of Orleans]]''", but rather because, for all her merits, [[Raab]] is unsuited to the part of Mariya, and my hand will not rise to write her name against Mariya's part in the cast list. As for Sionitskaya, then I do not know her, and I see from your letter only that she is in possession of a ''spark''. This is not enough. And so I, ''of my own volition'', do not agree to give the role of Mariya to either one of them. I find none of the available tenors in the company to be entirely satisfactory for the role of ''Andrey''. Although I should like Orlov most of all, unless it turns out that I cannot assign this role to him. The minor role of ''Orlik'' requires excellent acting in one scene, and I find ''Mayborod'' inadequate for this. I've been entertaining the idea of giving the mother's role to ''[[Kamenskaya]]''; I consider Slavina inappropriate. Wouldn't you agree, dear friend, how strange it would be if now, in the light of bitter experience, I were to have no hesitation whatsoever, and would sign up at once that to the allocation of roles you recommended, even though I am indifferent towards it? Only [[Pryanishnikov]] and [[Melnikov]] are wholly suitable for the parts of Mazepa and Kochubey, and I would want for nothing better. But this is still not enough. My mania for having my operas staged ''at all costs'' has long since passed, and I confess that, in the absence of a prima donna for Mariya's part, and the incompatibility of the strengths of the other male and female singers with my requirements, I should very much like to postpone the production of "''[[Mazepa]]''" until a more propitious time. Put yourself in my place, and ask whether from my point of view it's better to not want the opera to be put on at all, rather than to have it done inadequately. Before taking a definitive decision, i.e. applying to the Directorate with an official request ''not to stage'' my opera, I shall await your advice, and I earnestly request you, dear friend, to give me your sincere opinion. But I forewarn you that I might, perhaps, agree to allocate the role of Andrey to ''Vasilyev'', the role of the mother to ''Slavina'', the role of Orlik to ''Mayborod'', and, finally, the role of Mariya to ''Sionitskaya'' {{*}}.
|  
|-
| width="8%" rowspan="14"|'''''Act I'''''
| width="8%" rowspan="11"|Scene 1
| width="8%" rowspan="2"|No. 1
| width="43%"|'''Chorus of Maidens''' (Хор девушек)<br/>Moderato
| width="33%"| Я завью, завью венок мой душистый<br/>''Ya zavyu, zavyu venok moy dushisty''  
|-
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Meno mosso
| Здравствуйте, девушки, милые подруженки!<br/>''Zdravstvuyte, devushki, milye podruzhenki!''
|-
| rowspan="3"|No. 2
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato
| Вам любы песни, милые подруженки<br/>''Vam lyuby pesni, milye podruzhenki''  
|-
| '''Mariya&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Марии)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Какой-то, властью непонятной<br/>''Kakoy-to, vlastyu neponyatnoy''  
|-
| '''Duet''' (Дует)<br/>Andante
| Тебя с младенческих годов люблю<br/>''Tebya s mladencheskikh godov lyublyu''
|-
| No. 3
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Ну чествуешь, Василий, ты меня<br/>''Nu chestvuesh, Vasily, ty menya''
|-
| No. 4
| '''Chorus''' (Хор)<br/>Moderato (Alla breva)
| Нету, нету тут мосточка<br/>''Netu, netu tut mostochka''
|-
| No. 4a
| '''Hopak''' (Гопак)<br/>Vivace
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 5
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Moderato
| Вот, хорошо, люблю!<br/>''Vot, khorosho, lyublyu!''
|-
| '''Mazepa&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Мазепы)<br/>Andante
| Мгновенно сердце молодое горит и гаснет<br/>''Mgnovenno serdtse molodoye gorit i gasnet''
|-
| No. 6
| '''Quarrel Scene''' (Сцена ссоры)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Мазела, ты меня смущаешь речью<br/>''Mazepa, ty menya smushchayesh rechyu''  
|-
| rowspan="3"|Scene 2
| rowspan="2"|No. 7
| '''Chorus''' (Хор)<br/>Andantino
| Не гроза небеса кроет тучею<br/>''Ne groza nebesa kroyet tucheyu''
|-
| '''Mother&#39;s Lamentation''' (Причитание матери)<br/>Meno mosso
| Где ты, моë дитятко<br/>''Gde ty, moyo dityatko''
|-
| No. 8
| '''Finale''' (Финал)<br/>Moderato assai — Allegro moderato
| Очнись от горя, Кочубей!<br/>''Ochnis ot gorya, Kochubey!''
|-
| '''''Act II'''''
| Scene 1
| No. 9
| '''Dungeon Scene''' (Сцена в тюрьме)<br/>Andante — Adagio — Andante non troppo
| Так вот награда за донос<br/>''Tak vot nagrada za donos''
|-
| rowspan="7"|
| rowspan="5"|Scene 2
| rowspan="2"|No. 10
| '''Mazepa&#39;s Monologue''' (Монолог Мазепы)<br/>Andante — Andante molto sostenuto
| Тиха украинская ночь<br/>''Tikha ukraynskaya noch''
|-
| '''Scene with Orlik''' (Сцена с Орликом)<br/>Adagio
| Допрашивал, пытал, но твëрд<br/>''Doprashival, pytal, no tvyord''
|-
| No. 10a
| '''Mazepa&#39;s Arioso''' (Ариозо Мазепы)<br/>Moderato — Andante molto sostenuto
| О, Мария, Мария!<br/>''O, Mariya, Mariya!''
|-
| No. 11
| '''Scene of Mazepa with Mariya''' (Сцена Мазепы с Марией)<br/>Andante con moto
| Мой милый друг! Мария ты?<br/>''Moy mily drug! Mariya ty?''
|-
| No. 12
| '''Scene of the Mother&#39;s Appearance''' (Сцена появления матери)<br/>Andante
| Как блещут звëзды в небе<br/>''Kak bleshchut zvyozdy v nebe''  
|-
| rowspan="2"|Scene 3
| No. 13
| '''Folk Scenes''' (Народные сцены)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Скоро ли? Скоро ли?<br/>''Skoro li? Skoro li?''
|-
| No. 14
| '''Finale''' (Финал)<br/>Allegro
| Уходи же!<br/>''Ukhodi zhe!''
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="8"|'''''Act III'''''
| No. 15
| '''Entr&#39;acte: The Battle of Poltava''' (Антракт: Полтавский бой)<br/>Brillante, con fuoco
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 16
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro non troppo
| В бою кровавом<br/>''V boyu krovavom''
|-
| '''Andrey&#39;s Aria''' (Ария Андрея)<br/>Larghetto
| Здесь дни текли чредой счастливой<br/>''Zdes dni tekli chredoy schastlivoy''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 17
| '''Scene''' (Сцена)<br/>Allegro giusto
| Невдалеке я слышу конский топот<br/>''Nevdaleke ya slyshu konsky topot''
|-
| '''Duet''' (Дует)<br/>Allegro moderato
| Святой невинности губитель<br/>''Svyatoy nevinosti gubitel''
|-
| No. 18
| '''Scene: Onset of Mariya&#39;s Madness''' (Сцена появления безумной Марии)<br/>Moderato assai quasi Andante — Moderato assai
| Несчастный! видит Бог<br/>''Neschastny! vidit Bog''
|-
| rowspan="2"|No. 19
| '''Finale''' (Финал)<br/>Andante con moto
| Ушëл старик<br/>''Ushyol starik''
|-
| ['''Mariya&#39;s Lullaby''' (Колибельная Марии)]<br/>Andante non tanto
| Спи, младенец мой прекрасный<br/>''Spi, mladenets moy prekrasny''
|}
A complete performance of the opera lasts around 150 minutes.


==Libretto==
But in no circumstances will I give the latter role to ''[[Raab]]''. I ask you not to say anything to anyone about the contents of this letter for the time being. The sooner you answer me, the better; I'll be looking forward to your friendly advice.
The original libretto was compiled by [[Viktor Burenin]] (1841-1926), and later revised by Tchaikovsky, after the narrative poem ''Poltava'' (Полтава) (1829) by [[Aleksandr Pushkin]] (1799-1837).


On 5/17 May 1881, soon after arriving at [[Kamenka]], Tchaikovsky asked [[Karl Davydov]] to send him a previously unused libretto on the subject of [[Pushkin]]'s poem ''Poltava'': "I am feeling inclined to start an opera once again, and the subject of ''Poltava'' is greatly tempting to me" <ref name="note1" />.
I'm going to [[Kiev]] province tomorrow, and ask you to write there: ''Fastov railway line, [[Kamenka]] station''. Forgive me, much respected friend, for bothering and hindering you.


On 10/22 May, [[Karl Davydov]] forwarded Tchaikovsky the libretto, the author of which was [[Viktor Burenin]] <ref name="note2"/>. However, the decision to write an opera had, it seems, not been firmly settled, since the libretto did not stir Tchaikovsky's interest <ref name="note3"/>, and he had set about other work (the [[All-Night Vigil]], and editing [[Bortnyansky]]'s church music).
Your sincerely devoted and affectionate,
 
{{right|P. Tchaikovsky}}
"I do not know how long I will be disinclined to write anything", the composer wrote to [[Eduard Nápravník]] on 18/30 June 1881, "but if circumstances change and I am again seized with the urge to write then the thing which above all else stirs me to try my hand again at an opera is a libretto on the subject of [[Pushkin]]'s ''Poltava''" <ref name="note4"/>.
----
 
{{*}} If you have Velinskaya, then sooner her than [[Raab]].
Two editions of the poem ''Poltava'' are preserved in Tchaikovsky's personal library (1869 and 1880), which contain notes characteristic of the composer's artistic processes. Tchaikovsky's chief concern was to preserve the moments of psychological drama — the scenes between Mariya and Mazepa, Mariya and her mother. The latter scene is significantly altered and expanded when compared with [[Pushkin]]'s original. Real-life historical events served as the basis for the opera, depicting Peter the Great's Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. Tchaikovsky's work on the libretto ran in parallel with his composition of the music. This is evident from his Notebook No. 6, in which his notes for the text alternate with the musical sketches.
}}
 
===Synposis===
The action is set in the Ukraine in the eighteenth century.
 
{{quote|'''Act I'''. In the garden of the Cossack Kochubey, overlooking the River Dnepr (Scene 1), Kochubey's daughter Mariya remains behind while the other girls sail down the river. She loves the elderly hetman Mazepa, but the cossack Andrey is in love with her. The peasants dance a hopak to honour Mazepa. Mazepa asks Mariya's father for her hand in marriage, but Kochubey says that Mazepa is too old for her and refuses his consent. After an argument, Mariya again declares her love for Mazepa and she leaves with him. Inside Kochubey's house (Scene 2), Kochubey sends Andrey to Moscow, to denounce Mazepa to the Tsar for conspiring with the Swedes.}}
 
{{quote|'''Act II'''. In a dank dungeon beneath a palace at Belaya Tserkov, Kochubey is chained to a pillar (Scene 1). The Tsar does not believe Kochubey's accusations against Mazepa and delivers him and his comrades into Mazepa's hands. Orlik, Mazepa's henchman, tortures Kochubey, and demands to know where he keeps his treasure. Later, in a room in Mazepa's castle (Scene 2), Orlik tells Mazepa that Kochubey has not revealed his secret under torture. Mazepa decides that Kochubey must die the next day. Mariya enters, unaware of her father's fate, and Mazepa tells her of his plans to rule over an independent Ukraine. After they reaffirm their love, Mazepa leaves. Mariya's mother Lyubov appears, and tells her that Kochubey is to be executed. The following morning, in a field with a scaffold (Scene 3), a crowd has gathered to witness the execution. Mazepa watches on horseback as Kochubey and Iskra are led to the scaffold. Mariya and her mother arrive just as the axes fall.}}
 
{{quote|'''Act III''' opens with a symphonic tableau depicting the Battle of Poltava. Mazepa's forces are defeated. In Kochubey's garden, now neglected and overgrown, Andrey and other Russian soldiers are pursuing fleeing Swedish soldiers. Andrey hides when he hears Mazepa and Orlik approaching. Andrey attacks Mazepa and is mortally wounded. Mazepa discovers Mariya wandering about in a daze, but he is forced to flee without her. Andrey dies in Mariya arms as she sings him a lullaby <ref name="note5"/>. }}
 
==Composition==
Judging from Tchaikovsky's diary for 1881 <ref name="note6"/>, he spent most of June working on the opera. The evidence for this includes notes of parts of the text for Andrey's aria in Act I (No. 2), dated 8/20 and 10/22 June. Mariya's solo from the same scene (G minor, 3/2) was evidently composed at the same time, since the sketches for a preliminary version of this solo date from 13/15 May 1881 (the music was written to an extract from Canto V of [[Dante]]'s ''Inferno'', sketched on a printed copy of the ''Obikhod''). On 15/27 June, a further sketch was made with the note "Trostyanka. Dances. ''Mazepa''", and under it the note "See 4 March". The diary entry for the latter date (at the start of his work on the opera) contains sketches with the heading "For the storm". Evidently this sketch was conceived as the start of another work, but was used as the E-flat theme of the Hopak (No. 4 in the opera, grazioso). His diary entry for 23 June/5 July again includes musical sketches, similar to the opening of the quarrel scene (No. 6).
 
In a letter of 23 August/4 September–25 August/6 September, Tchaikovsky told [[Sergey Taneyev]]: "I was considering embarking on an opera; I have a decent libretto to hand, and I have already written four numbers in my spare hours. But they are all loathsome to me, and I can sense that this exertion of my will-power just sufficed for these four numbers and no more. That with regard to which Mr [[Cui]] has always been reproaching me for failing to do has come to pass, that is, I have started ''to adopt a critical attitude towards myself''. And what do we see? As soon as this process began, the tap from which I had drawn so much music before (even if it was mediocre), when I was not yet ''self-critical'', ran dry immediately" <ref name="note7"/>.
 
The composer quickly abandoned his work. "''Mazepa'' displeases me, and it cannot engage me", he wrote in a letter of 3/15 October 1881 to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]] <ref name="note8"/>. However, the composer continued to consider other possible subjects <ref name="note9"/>, before returning once again to ''Poltava''.
 
At [[Rome]] in late November/early December 1881, Tchaikovsky began to compose music for the scene with Mazepa and Mariya (No. 11 in the opera) <ref name="note10"/>. He later wrote about this phase of work: "One wonderful day I re-read the libretto and re-read [[Pushkin]]'s poem, and was moved by the beauty of some of the scenes and verses to start on the scene between Mariya and Mazepa, which was preserved unchanged from the poem in the libretto... Although generally I composed steadily without having great feeling for the characters, I now realise that this was something successful after all. As far as ''Karl XII'' is concerned, I must disillusion you, my friend. He will not appear in my opera, since he only bears an indirect relation to the drama between Mazepa, Mariya and Kochubey" <ref name="note11"/>.
 
In [[Rome]], Tchaikovsky regularly forced himself to write for several hours each day <ref name="note12"/>, but finding inspiration lacking, he discontinued work on the opera and resumed composition of the [[Piano Trio]] and other works <ref name="note13"/>.
 
It was only in May 1882 at [[Kamenka]] that the composer returned to the subject he had set aside. "I am in a mood for writing", he wrote to [[Adolph Brodsky]], "and provided nothing intervenes I should be able work well" <ref name="note14"/>, but on 15/27 May in a letter to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] he reported: "I'm working assiduously, but not with enthusiasm, and I'm not experiencing a twentieth of that inspiration and love for my creation that I usually feel" <ref name="note15"/>. On 21 May/2 June in another letter to [[Modest]], Tchaikovsky again referred to the opera: "I'm writing an opera, or in any case some scenes for ''Mazepa'', which barely holds my interest. I am writing with difficulty. However, something of substance is emerging..." <ref name="note16"/>.
 
Returning to [[Kamenka]] in order to work on ''Mazepa'', in early June Tchaikovsky left for [[Grankino]], where he stayed until 25 July/6 August. At [[Grankino]] work was resumed, and in the course of the summer and early autumn the composer completed the rough sketches for the opera. The surviving notebooks and sketches and numerous references in his letters enable us to establish with some precision the course of work during this period. The composer amended the text of the libretto and his original outline sketches for the earliest scenes of the opera, supplementing them with freshly written material.
 
First came sketches for Act III: themes for Andrey's aria (No. 16) and the last scenes (Nos. 17, 18, 19). At the same time, the composer outlined the themes for the Introduction and the opening of the Chorus of Maidens (No. 1). In late May/early June (according to the author's date in his notebook) came sketches for the remaining scenes of Act I: themes for Finale (No. 8), Mariya's Arioso and her scene with Andrey (No. 2). Evidently, while continuing to make rough sketches, the composer was occupied with bringing them to their final form. On 24 June/6 July in a letter to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] we read: "I am working with as much zeal as possible; now the opera is coming along in such a manner that, provided I remain alive and healthy, I will be able to begin the instrumentation in the autumn" <ref name="note17"/>, and on 30 June/12 July he told her: "I am working very enthusiastically and punctiliously. I am gradually experiencing, if not a passion for my subject, then at least a warming towards the characters. Like a mother who feels a love for her children, even though they cause her worries, anxieties and agitations, I am already experiencing a paternal tenderness for my new musical offspring, which on many occasions has caused me moments of despondency and disappointment, and yet despite all this it is now taking shape and growing healthily" <ref name="note18"/>.
 
On 5/17 July the composer wrote to [[Nadezhda von Meck]]: "This week I hope to complete the rough sketches for a second act of the opera <ref name="note19"/>, but there is still one whole enormous act in three scenes still to write" <ref name="note20"/>. I hope to finish this work by early autumn, and then travel abroad to some peaceful corner — [[Clarens]], for instance — and make a start on the instrumentation" <ref name="note21"/>. On 13/25 July he reported: "Today I completed a second third of the opera, i.e. one out of three acts" <ref name="note22"/>.
 
Returning from [[Grankino]] to [[Kamenka]] on 25 July/6 August, Tchaikovsky continued working on ''Mazepa''. "I am far from writing with the same facility as before; rather, I am doing so slowly, cautiously, and without exhilaration and enthusiasm", he wrote to [[Sergey Taneyev]] <ref name="note23"/>.
 
During late July/early August, the composer's notebooks show that he worked on the dungeon scene. After a trip to [[Moscow]] (between 5/17 August and 20 August/1 September), the composer wrote to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] from [[Kamenka]] on 23 August/4 September, reporting that he had resumed his work on the opera: "I've already managed to write very successfully the introduction to the second act" <ref name="note24"/>. "After a successful start I think that in four more weeks the opera will be completely ready in draft", he wrote two days later to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] <ref name="note25"/>. From late August/early September, Tchaikovsky simultaneously worked on the opera and the [[Six Pieces, Op. 51]] for piano <ref name="note26"/>.
 
"My work is progressing", the composer noted on 9/21 September in a letter to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], "but I cannot hide the fact that I am very tired" <ref name="note27"/>. "I have assigned myself such an improbably difficult task (to write the remaining three scenes of the opera, and at the same time [[Six Pieces, Op. 51|six pieces]] for piano)", we read in a letter to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] of 10/22–13/25 September, and further on in the same letter: "I'm going all out to finish the rough sketches of the opera" <ref name="note28"/>. Tchaikovsky wrote to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] about his work on the opera: "Never have I had such difficulties with a large scale composition as with this opera. I do not even know whether this is due to my waning talents or, possibly, I have become more strict with myself... I used to give myself up to the task of composition with such ease and naturalness, like a fish swimming in the water or a bird flying through the air. But no longer. Now I have become a person who takes a costly and heavy burden upon himself, that must be carried through to the bitter end. And I will carry it through..." <ref name="note29"/>.
 
On 15/27 September the composer wrote to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]]: "''I have finished'' composition of the opera and am setting about the orchestration. ''In my opinion'' this will be a good opera" <ref name="note30"/>.
 
Two days later he told [[Modest Tchaikovsky]]: "Now I have completely finished the sketches for the opera and piano pieces, and have set about the instrumentation of the opera. This task is pleasant, and not difficult" <ref name="note31"/>. After several days he wrote to him again: "I've started orchestrating the opera. There is a good effect in the introduction (where I have Mazepa furiously galloping on his horse!) <ref name="note32"/>. "I have been working a great deal recently", the composer told [[Eduard Nápravník]] in a letter of 21 September/3 October. "The urge to write has returned to me, and I hope in the spring to submit the opera ''Mazepa'' to the Directorate of Theatres" <ref name="note33"/>.
 
Tchaikovsky remained at [[Kamenka]] until mid/late November, where he orchestrated Act I. Initially he worked with ease and enthusiasm <ref name="note34"/>. Between 1/13–7/19 October he had to spend time revising ''[[The Maid of Orleans]]'', which made him extremely tired, and the pace of work on the instrumentation of ''Mazepa'' slowed. "I very much want to finish the first act of ''Mazepa'' at [[Kamenka]], but am unlikely to do so — for some reason this work is taking me longer than before" <ref name="note35"/>.
 
In a letter to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] on 3/15 November, Tchaikovsky wrote: "My work is gradually moving forward; in a few days I hope to finish the full score of the first act of the opera, which comprises three sections in all". Later in the same letter Tchaikovsky expressed very interesting ideas which reveal his attitude to the genre of opera. "I will not say, like you and many others, that opera is the lowest class of musical art; on the contrary, it seems to me that in combining so many disparate elements to serve a single purpose, opera may be one of the richest musical forms. But I feel that I am personally more inclined towards symphonic form. At least, I certainly feel that I have more freedom and independence when I am not subservient to the rigours and constraints of theatrical conventions" <ref name="note36"/>. On 13/25 November the composer told [[Anna Aleksandrova-Levenson]]: "I have worked a great deal over the last three months, and my opera has come on markedly. I hope to finish it by the spring" <ref name="note37"/>.
 
In mid/late November, Tchaikovsky travelled to [[Moscow]], where he completed the instrumentation of Act I <ref name="note38"/>. "I've finished my work at last" <ref name="note39"/>, he wrote in a letter of 12/24 December to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], "and tomorrow evening I leave, completely exhausted to the point of foolhardiness" <ref name="note40"/>. During a short stay in [[Saint Petersburg]], according to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], the composer was busy "copying out" ''Mazepa'' <ref name="note41"/>.
 
Evidently, work on the opera continued while Tchaikovsky was abroad. In a letter to [[Lev Davydov]] of 25 December/6 January the composer made the following request: "Please instruct Stepan to find my ''yellow notebook'', which I have had with me the whole summer during my travels. It contains almost the whole of my opera, and is ''essential'' to me. Send this notebook to [[Jurgenson]], who will forward it to me wherever I am stopping, since I don't yet know myself where I will be going. Please do all this quickly, since without this notebook my opera is lost" <ref name="note42"/>.
 
At the end of December/beginning of January, Tchaikovsky left for abroad. In early/mid January, he reported to [[Nadezhda von Meck]] from [[Paris]]: "I have begun to work with great enthusiasm and during my two days here I have written for six hours each day" <ref name="note43"/>. While awaiting an answer from [[Eduard Nápravník]] to his letter concerning possible changes and cuts to the libretto of the opera <ref name="note44"/>, the composer put aside the instrumentation of Act II, and moved on to Act III, writing on 11/23 January: "My work is going very well, and I have almost orchestrated half an entire act" <ref name="note45"/>.
 
However, the speed of work soon slowed. In a letter to [[Sergey Taneyev]] of 2/14 February, the composer lamented: "The orchestration of ''Mazepa'' is going at a snail's pace. In five weeks I have barely managed to score three fifths of one act" <ref name="note46"/>. This is corroborated by a letter to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]] of 26 February/10 March 1883: "All my available time must be devoted to the opera, which strains me terribly. However, I am in a good frame of mine, notwithstanding my pains in giving birth to my offspring" <ref name="note47"/>.
 
In March, Tchaikovsky received a commission to compose a cantata ''[[Moscow (cantata)|Moscow]]'' and the [[Coronation March]], and proceeded to compose these works; the full scores of the new compositions, together with the completed Act III of ''Mazepa'' were sent to [[Saint Petersburg]] on 26 March/7 April <ref name="note48"/>.
 
As he neared the end of the work, so the strain increased: "I am governed by an overwhelming desire to finish the opera", we read in a letter to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] of 9/21 April 1883 <ref name="note49"/>. "I'm writing now with a feverish haste, and am extremely tired, but the work is going quickly", the composer told his brother two days later, and on 16/28 April he reported that he had finished the full score and the piano arrangement <ref name="note50"/>.
 
On 28 April/10 May he wrote to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]]: "Tomorrow, the 29th {{OS}}, I will be sending you by express delivery the following parts of ''Mazepa'': 1) A revised ending to the eighth scene and opening of the ninth scene in the first act — in other words, the point where I divided the first ''act'' into two scenes. The alterations are minor, involving just a few bars. These changes need to be inserted into the ''piano arrangement''; I have written them on separate sheets, which can be pasted into the score. 2) The libretto for the opera ''Mazepa'' in the form in which it should be printed. 3) The whole of the second act, which is divided into three scenes. The piano arrangement is written on the bottom of the full score, except in the third scene where there was insufficient space, and it, i.e. the arrangement, has been done separately, leaving space for the ''voice'' parts to be inserted. And so now my opera ''Mazepa'' is entirely ''finished'', and in your hands. For two years I have sat over it, and it has caused me a great deal of trouble. I entrust its future fate to you" <ref name="note51"/>.
 
It seems that at the first rehearsals Tchaikovsky fulfilled a request from [[Bogomir Korsov]], performing the role of Mazepa, that he should write an additional arioso for Mazepa to text by [[Vasily Kandaurov]] (Act II, Scene 2, No. 10a), to be performed in [[Moscow]] <ref name="note52"/>.
 
There appear to have been two versions of this arioso. Tchaikovsky's notebook for 1883 contains a note dated 30 November/12 December: "Left Ivan's for [[Jurgenson]]'s (not home) and to [[Korsov]]'s. The latter rejected my arioso, requiring a love melody". Nikolay Vilde, son of an artist at the Maly Theatre, later wrote of this: "I remember meeting Tchaikovsky at the dress rehearsal of ''Mazepa'', and recall that he had written an additional arioso "O, Mariya" at [[Korsov]]'s request. I remember... [[Korsov]] rejected the number... which Tchaikovsky had brought rolled up in his hands... Tchaikovsky unrolled the manuscript and sat at the piano... and can still remember its theme. It began with the words "I will subdue with the sounds of death", but it did not satisfy [[Korsov]]. "Not that", he said. "It needs to be something amorous which depicts the feelings of Mazepa and Mariya, and needs love and passion". "I will think about it...", said Tchaikovsky. And a few days later... the arioso "O, Mariya" was ready" <ref name="note53"/>.
 
In March 1884, a month after the opera's premiere, Tchaikovsky decided "to make some slight changes" to the scoring of ''Mazepa'' <ref name="note54"/>. On 26 March/7 April the composer, having completed the changes, wrote about them to [[Eduard Nápravník]]: "I have made the following changes: 1) At the end of the first scene in Act I, after ''Mazepa's'' words "''So men, to your horses''" [«Эй люди, на коней»], I have made a shorter ending in E major in order not to hold up the action, which suffers here from an excess of music... 2) In the second scene of Act II, I have made an enormous cut in the scene between Mazepa and Mariya (here Mazepa's part is not only cut, but is practically written afresh... Mariya also has something new, but very brief). 3) In the last number of Act III the lullaby has been somewhat lengthened, and it now concludes the opera" <ref name="note55"/>.
 
Further on in this same letter, Tchaikovsky touched on the scene with the Drunken Cossack, which had been criticised by [[Eduard Nápravník]]: "Regarding the ''Drunken Cossack'', I assure you that with a good performance this will not seem inappropriate, and in any case I would not want to make a change here, since I feel deeply that this whole number is constructed in such a rounded manner that making cuts or alterations would render it meaningless". On 1/13 April, Tchaikovsky wrote to [[Sergey Taneyev]]: "I have made three important changes in ''Mazepa''. One of them you will be upset about — but I ''had to'' do this to for the sake of the ''staging''" <ref name="note56"/>.
 
The changes in Act I affected the finale to the Quarrel Scene (No. 6), where a significant cut was made (from bar 221). In the second scene of Act II, Tchaikovsky shortened the scene between Mariya and Mazepa (No. 11), which required some alterations to the music. In its first version the whole scene was conducted as a dialogue. The new version culminated in a more dramatic duet — Molto ritenuto — Moderato: "You are everything to me" («Ты мне всего»). Leaving Mariya's part untouched, the composer joined it to Mazepa's part, preserving the preceding words, which were now set to new music. However, from bar 13 the entire scene was written afresh, as a result of which it was shortened by 69 bars. In Act III, Tchaikovsky changed the Finale (No. 19), abandoning the end of the scene with Mariya's impulsive suicide, and concluding the opera with the lullaby which Mariya sings over Andrey's body.
 
In October 1884, [[Bogomir Korsov]] pressured Tchaikovsky into making a further small change to the scene between Mazepa and Mariya (replacing some bars of Mariya's recitatives to Mazepa with the words: "Is it your father or your husband who is dearest to you?" («Отец или супруг тебе дороже») <ref name="note57"/>. This change was included in the [[Moscow]] production that autumn, and in a letter of 5/17 January 1885 Tchaikovsky suggested to [[Eduard Nápravník]] that it should also be made in the [[Saint Petersburg]] production, but it is not known whether [[Nápravník]] complied with this request.
 
==Arrangements==
After scoring each act the composer made the vocal-piano reduction. In a letter of 26 March/7 April to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], Tchaikovsky reported that the arrangement of Act III was ready (without the parts for soloist and chorus), and he was working on Act II <ref name="note58"/>. The whole vocal-piano reduction was completed on 3/15 May 1883 <ref name="note59"/>.
 
==Performances==
On 19 February/3 March 1883, [[Max Erdmannsdörfer]] conducted the Hopak (Act I, No. 4a) at a special Russian Musical Society concert in [[Moscow]].
 
The complete opera was staged for the first time at the [[Moscow]] Bolshoi Theatre on 3/15 February 1884, conducted by [[Ippolit Altani]], with soloists: [[Bogomir Korsov]] (''Mazepa''), [[Pavel Borisov]] (''Kochubey''), Aleksandra Krutikova (''Lyubov''), [[Emiliya Pavlovskaya]] (''Mariya''), Dmitry Usatov (''Andrey''), Otto Führer (''Orlik''), Petr Grigoryev (''Iskra'') and [[Aleksandr Dodonov]] (''Drunken Cossack'').
 
The first production in [[Saint Petersburg]] took place just three days later, on 6/18 February, with [[Eduard Nápravník]] conducting the following soloists: [[Ippolit Pryanishnikov]] (''Mazepa''), [[Ivan Melnikov]] (''Kochubey''), Mariya Kamenskaya (''Lyubov''), Anna Laterner (''Mariya''), Mikhail Vasilyev III (''Andrey''), Fyodor Stravinsky (''Orlik''), Konstantin Kondaraki (''Iskra''), and Vasily Vasilyev II (''Drunken Cossack'').
 
Tchaikovsky attended the rehearsals and premiere in [[Moscow]], but left the next day to travel abroad. The first performance to incorporate the composer's changes to the Quarrel Scene (Act I, No. 6), the Scene with Mazepa and Mariya (Act II, No. 11) and the Finale (Act III, No. 19), was the revival at the Mariinsky Theatre on 10/22 September 1884, with [[Eduard Nápravník]] conducting once more.
 
At the [[Tiflis]] Opera Theatre on 19 November/1 December 1885, [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]] conducted a performance of the opera with soloists: Vladimir Alennikov II (''Mazepa''), S. Molchanovsky (''Kochubey''), Mariya Davydova (''Lyubov''), [[Varvara Zarudnaya]] (''Mariya''), Pyotr Lody (''Andrey''), Aleksandr Puzanov (''Orlik''), and Zeltser (''Iskra'').
 
A touring Russian Opera company, conducted by Giuseppe Truffi, performed ''Mazepa'' in England in 1888, at the Alexandra Theatre in Liverpool on 25 July/6 August (and one subsequent performance), and then at Comedy Theatre in Manchester on 15/27 August (which was followed by four subsequent performances at the same venue). The company went on to perform the complete opera twice at the Grand Theatre in Birmingham between 5/17 and 10/22 September, the "Prison Act" (presumably Act II) at the Cardiff Grand Theatre and Opera House on 20 September/2 October, and gave extracts at concerts in the Royal Albert Hall in [[London]] daily from 26 September/8 October and 1/13 October <ref name="note61A"/>. The first complete production in [[London]] was given by the English National Opera at the Coliseum Theatre on 20 December 1984, conducted by Mark Elder.
 
In the United States, ''Mazepa'' was first produced at the Boston Opera House on 14 December 1922. The first complete performance in [[New York]] may have been as late as 1 May 1998, in a Kirov Opera production at the Metropolitan Opera House, conducted by Valery Gergiev.
 
==Publication==
During the summer of 1883, Tchaikovsky left [[Moscow]] for his brother [[Anatoly]]'s dacha at [[Podushkino]], where he corrected the proofs of the opera. On 14/26 July he wrote to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]]: "I'm busy with the proofs... I've now developed an unhealthy obsession with the misprints and errors which disfigure the majority of my compositions. I'm doing all three sets of proofs myself in an enormous rush, so that I am ready to leave at the beginning of August {{NS}} <ref name="note60"/>. Throughout July the composer was weighed down with the enormous burden of proof-reading <ref name="note61"/>. The proofs were completed at the end of July/beginning of August <ref name="note62"/>.
 
The piano arrangement was published by [[Jurgenson]] in August 1883, and it omitted the additional arioso for Mazepa (Act II, No. 10a) <ref name="note63"/>. [[Jurgenson]] issued the choral parts in July 1883, and the full score of the Hopak (Act I, No. 4) separately in December 1883.
 
The posthumous edition of 1899 by [[Pyotr Jurgenson]] (full score and vocal-piano reduction), described on the title page as "Second edition, corrected by the author" <ref name="note64"/>, only includes the three cuts made by Tchaikovsky in March 1884; the change suggested by [[Bogomir Korsov]] in October 1884 was not included.
 
The full score and vocal-piano reduction of ''Mazepa'' were published in volumes 6 (1969) and 38 (1968) respectively of Tchaikovsky's ''[[Complete Collected Works]]'', edited by V. D. Vasilyev. They include the original versions of the scenes revised by the composer after the opera's premiere.
 
==Autographs==
The {{RUS-Mcm}} in [[Moscow]] holds the following manuscript scores:
* Full score of the Introduction and Act I {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-introdukciya-i-deystvie-i-2017-08-17|(ф. 88, No. 30a)}}
* Full score of Act II {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-deystvie-ii|(ф. 88, No. 30b)}}
* Full score of Act III {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-deystvie-iii-2017-08-17|(ф. 88, No. 30v)}}
* Vocal-piano arrangement of the Introduction and Act I (omitting the voice parts) {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-introdukciya-i-deystvie-i|(ф. 88, No. 31)}}
* Vocal-piano arrangement of Act III (omitting the voice parts) {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-deystvie-iii|(ф. 88, No. 32)}}
* Vocal-piano arrangement, printed first edition ([[Jurgenson]], 1883) with Tchaikovsky's corrections and revisions made in 1884 {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-deystvie-iii|(ф. 88, No. 33)}}
* Libretto for the whole opera {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah-2017-08-17|(ф. 88, No. 34)}}
 
A sketch for some additions to Mariya's part in the scene with Mazepa (Act II, No. 11) is preserved in {{RUS-SPsc}} {{TOW2|mazepa-opera-v-3-h-deystviyah-6-ti-kartinah|(ф. 384)}}
 
==Recordings==
{{reclink}}
 
==Related Works==
* Act I, No. 2. The Duet for Mariya and Andrey (bars 145–160 & 179–194) uses a theme which Tchaikovsky had previously set to the words ''[[Nessun maggior dolore]]''. This is also heard in the orchestral introduction to Andrey's Arioso (Act III, No. 16, bars 48-51), and in Mariya's Lullaby (Act III, No. 19) after the words «Я девоцкой гуляла у нас в саду густом» <ref name="note65"/>.
* Act I, No. 4. The chorus is based on the Ukrainian folksong 'There is no crossing, there is no ford' (Нету хода, нету брода).
* Act I, No. 6. The Vivacissimo section of the Quarrel Scene includes a variant of the Ukrainian folksong 'It's already spring' (А вже весна)
* Act II, No. 9. The orchestral introduction to the Dungeon Scene uses the theme from ''June'' (No. 6) of ''[[The Seasons]]'' <ref name="note66"/>,
* Act II, No. 11. This scene (bars 146–150) includes quotations from the Act II Mazurka and 'Glory' (Славься) themes from [[Mikhail Glinka]]'s opera ''A Life for the Tsar''.
* Act II, No. 13. The Crowd Scenes include the Ukrainian folksong 'Hey, worrying makes me thirsty' (Гей, же, та и журба мене сушыла). The Drunken Cossack's song (bar 150) is set to the Russian folk-tune 'To the end of the street' (Вдоль улицы ы конец).
* Act III, No. 15. The Battle of Poltava entr'acte includes quotations from the Russian hymns 'Glory to God in the highest' (Уж как слава Тебе Боже на небеси) and 'God, preserve thy people' (Спаси, господи, люди твоя), as well as the 'Glory' (Славься) chorus from [[Glinka]]'s opera ''A Life for the Tsar''.
 
==External Links==
* {{imslpscore|Mazeppa_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr)|''Mazeppa''}}
 
==Notes and References==
<references>
<ref name="note1">[[Letter 1740]] to [[Karl Davydov]], 5/17 May 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note2">See letter from [[Karl Davydov]] to Tchaikovsky, 10/22 May 1881 — [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive.</ref>
<ref name="note3">See [[Letter 2034]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 29 May/10 June 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note4">[[Letter 1786]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 17/29 June 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note5">From {{bib|2002/22|The Tchaikovsky Handbook, vol. 1}} (2002), p. 54–55.</ref>
<ref name="note6">Preserved only in a copy of the diary made by [[Modest Tchaikovsky]] — [[Klin]] House-Museum Archive.</ref>
<ref name="note7">[[Letter 1839]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 23–25 August/4–6 September 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note8">[[Letter 1860]] to [[Anatoly Tchaikovsky]], 2/14–3/15 October 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note9">These rejected ideas included ''[[Romeo and Juliet (projected opera)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' and ''[[Vanka the Steward]]''.</ref>
<ref name="note10">See [[Letter 1906]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 1/13–4/16 December 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note11">See [[Letter 2034]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 29 May/10 June–3/15 June 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note12">See [[Letter 1906]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 1/13–4/16 December 1881.</ref>
<ref name="note13">See [[Letter 1912]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 14/26–15/27 December 1881, and [[Letter 1918]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 26 December 1881/7 January 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note14">[[Letter 2013]] to [[Adolph Brodsky]], 4/16 May 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note15">[[Letter 2021]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 15/27 May 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note16">[[Letter 2025]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 19/31 May–21 May/2 June 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note17">[[Letter 2051]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 24 June/6 July 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note18">[[Letter 2055]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 30 June/12 July 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note19">Evidently Tchaikovsky had in mind Act III, completed after the first act.</ref>
<ref name="note20">i.e. Act II.</ref>
<ref name="note21">[[Letter 2057]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 30 June/12 July 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note22">[[Letter 2061]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 12/24–13/25 July 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note23">[[Letter 2071]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 28 July/9 August 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note24">[[Letter 2085]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 23 August/4 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note25">[[Letter 2084]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 22–25 August/3–6 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note26">See [[Letter 2090]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 30 August/11 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note27">[[Letter 2101]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 9/21 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note28">[[Letter 2103]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 10/22–13/25 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note29">[[Letter 2107]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 14/26 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note30">[[Letter 2108]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 15/27 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note31">[[Letter 2109]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 17/29 September 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note32">[[Letter 2112]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 20 September/2 October 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note33">[[Letter 2114]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 21 September/3 October 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note34">See [[Letter 2118]], 28 September/10 October 1882, and [[Letter 2123]], 1/15–4/16 October 1882, to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]].</ref>
<ref name="note35">See [[Letter 2137]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 18/30 October 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note36">[[Letter 2149]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 30 October/10 November–3/15 November 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note37">[[Letter 2159]] to [[Anna Aleksandrova-Levenson]], 13/25 November 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note38">See [[Letter 2168]], 2/14 December 1882, and [[Letter 2171]], 8/20 December 1882, to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]].</ref>
<ref name="note39">i.e. the orchestration of Act I.</ref>
<ref name="note40">[[Letter 2173]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 12/24–13/25 December 1882.</ref>
<ref name="note41">Tchaikovsky sometimes used the term "copying out" for his work on making the arrangement for voices with piano.</ref>
<ref name="note42">[[Letter 2177]] to [[Lev Davydov]], 25 December 1882/6 January 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note43">[[Letter 2189]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 3/15–5/17 January 1883. See also [[Letter 2188]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 3/15 January 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note44">See [[Letter 2182]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 29 December 1882/10 January 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note45">[[Letter 2195]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 11/23 January 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note46">[[Letter 2216]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 2/14 February 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note47">[[Letter 2230]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 26 February/10 March–1/13 March 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note48">See [[Letter 2248]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 25 March/6 April 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note49">[[Letter 2258]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 9/21 April 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note50">See [[Letter 2260]], 11/23 April 1883, and [[Letter 2266]], 16/28 April 1883, to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]].</ref>
<ref name="note51">[[Letter 2280]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 28 April/10 May 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note52">See the reviews of the [[Moscow]] production in ''Московские ведомости'', 9/21 February 1884, and ''Санкт-Пемербургские ведомости'', 7/19 February 1884.</ref>
<ref name="note53">Nikolay Vilde, {{bib|1917/9|Возобновление и воспоминание. Большой театр: «Мазепа»}} (1917), pp. 4–5.</ref>
<ref name="note54">See [[Letter 2455]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 16/28 March 1884.</ref>
<ref name="note55">[[Letter 2458]] to [[Eduard Nápravník]], 26 March/7 April 1884. In the original ending, Mariya was watched by a crowd as she rushed into the river.</ref>
<ref name="note56">[[Letter 2459]] to [[Sergey Taneyev]], 1/13 April 1884.</ref>
<ref name="note57">Act II, No. 11, bars 261 to 265. See [[Letter 2564]] to [[Bogomir Korsov]], 8/20 October 1884.</ref>
<ref name="note58">[[Letter 2250]] to [[Pyotr Jurgenson]], 26 March/7 April 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note59">See [[Letter 2285]] to [[Nadezhda von Meck]], 3/15 May 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note60">[[Letter 2310]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 14/26 July 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note61">See letters to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], [[Nadezhda von Meck]] and [[Pyotr Jurgenson]] from July 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note61A">The same opera company were also giving [[Anton Rubinstein]]'s ''The Demon'', [[Glinka]]'s ''A Life for the Tsar'' and [[Verdi]]'s ''Rigoletto'', which alternated along with ''Mazepa'' from night to night. For this reason it has not always been possible to determine which operas were being performed on specific dates, or the cast members for each role. See, for example, the advertisement for the Royal Albert Hall concerts in ''The Times'' [London]], 22 September 1888 {{NS}}, page 1, col. 5. At promenade concerts in the Queen's Hall, [[London]], Henry Wood conducted the Hopak (Act I, No. 4a) on 16/28 September 1899, and the Battle of Poltava (Act III, No. 15) on 4/16 August 1904, both of which were advertised as being their first performances in England, although it is possible that the organisers were unaware of the earlier Russian Opera tour.</ref>
<ref name="note62">See [[Letter 2321]] to [[Modest Tchaikovsky]], 1/13 August 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note63">Passed by the censor on 27 July/8 August 1883.</ref>
<ref name="note64">Passed by the censor on 28 August/9 September 1899.</ref>
<ref name="note65">We are most grateful to Mr Simone Mantelli for identifying the quotation in the finale.</ref>
<ref name="note66">We are most grateful to Mr Jean-Jacques Bärtschi for bringing this to our attention.</ref>
</references>
[[Category:Operas]]

Revision as of 19:42, 9 September 2023

Date 31 August/12 September 1883
Addressed to Eduard Nápravník
Where written Podushkino
Language Russian
Autograph Location unknown
Publication Чайковский. Воспоминания и письма (1924), p. 152–154
Переписка Е. Ф. Направника с П. И. Чайковским (1959), p. 127–128
П. И. Чайковский. Полное собрание сочинений, том XII (1970), p. 217–218
Notes Typed copy in Klin (Russia): Tchaikovsky State Memorial Musical Museum-Reserve

Text and Translation

Based on a typed copy in the Klin House-Museum Archive, which may contain differences in formatting and content from Tchaikovsky's original letter.

Russian text
(original)
English translation
By Brett Langston
Подушкино
31 августа 1883 г[ода]

Дорогой друг Эдуард Францевич!

Очень понимаю, что Вам, ввиду неизбежных неприятностей, нельзя принять на себя распределений ролей в «Мазепе». Но моё положение тоже затруднительно. Признаюсь, я думал, что в предстоящем сезоне состав труппы будет гораздо богаче. Я был несколько неприятно удивлён, что Вы советуете мне отдать главную роль Рааб. Я считаю это совершенно невозможным, и вовсе не оттого что хочу мстить ей за огорчения, причинённые при постановке «Орлеанской девы», а потому, что, при всех своих достоинствах, Рааб не годится для партии Марии и у меня рука не поднимается написать её имя в распределении ролей против партии Марии. Что касается Сионицкой, то я её не знаю и из письма Вашего вижу только, что она обладает огоньком. Это слишком недостаточно. Итак, я по доброй воле не согласен от дать роль Марии ни той, ни другой. Из имеющихся в труппе теноров ни один не удовлетворяет меня вполне для роли Андрея. Но более всего я хотел бы Орлова, — а оказывается, что именно ему я не могу назначить роль эту. Маленькая роль Орлика требует в одной сцене отличной игры, и Майбороду я нахожу непригодным для неё. Роль матери я желали мечтал отдать Каменской; Славину считаю неподходящей. Согласитесь, дорогой друг, что странно было бы, если бы теперь, наученный горьким опытом, я бы, нисколько не задумываясь, тотчас же написал то распределение ролей, которое Вы мне советуете, когда я ему не сочувствую. Только Прянишников и Мельников для партий Мазепы и Кочубея вполне пригодны, и лучшего я бы ничего не желал. Но ведь этого недостаточно. Мания ставить свои оперы во что бы то ни стало у меня прошла, и признаюсь, что я очень бы желал, чтобы, ввиду неимения примадонны для партии Марии и несоответствия сил других певиц и певцов с моими требованиями, постановка «Мaзепы» была бы отложена до более благоприятного времени. Представьте себя на моем месте и скажите, не правильно ли я смотрю на вещи, желая, чтобы опера лучше бы вовсе не шла, чем была обставлена не так, как следует. Прежде чем поступить решительно, т. е. обратиться в Дирекцию с официальной просьбой не ставить моей оперы, буду ждать Вашего совета и убедительно прошу Вас, милый друг, искренно высказать мне Ваше мнение. Но предупреждаю Вас, что я соглашусь, пожалуй, назначить роль Андрея Васильеву, роль матери Славиной, роль Орлика Майбороде и, наконец, роль Марии Сионицкой *.

Но ни в каком случае не отдам эту последнюю роль Рааб. Прошу Вас пока мест ничего никому не говорить о содержании письма этого. Чем скорее Вы мне ответите, тем лучше; с нетерпением буду ждать Вашего дружеского совета.

Я еду завтра в Киевскую губернию и адресовать прошу: Фастовская жел[езная] дор[ога], станция Каменка`. Простите, многоуважаемый друг, что беспокою и затрудняю Вас.

Искренно преданный и любящий Вас,

П. Чайковский


* Если Велинская у Вас, то уже скорее ей, чем Рааб.

Podushkino
31 August 1883

Dear friend Eduard Frantsevich!

I very much understand how you, given the inevitable unpleasantness, cannot take upon yourself the allocation of roles in "Mazepa". But my position is also difficult. I confess that I thought that in the forthcoming season the composition of the company would be far richer. I am somewhat unpleasantly surprised that you advise me to give the principle role to Raab. I consider this utterly impossible, and it's nothing at all to do with my wanting to take revenge for all the upset she caused during the staging of "The Maid of Orleans", but rather because, for all her merits, Raab is unsuited to the part of Mariya, and my hand will not rise to write her name against Mariya's part in the cast list. As for Sionitskaya, then I do not know her, and I see from your letter only that she is in possession of a spark. This is not enough. And so I, of my own volition, do not agree to give the role of Mariya to either one of them. I find none of the available tenors in the company to be entirely satisfactory for the role of Andrey. Although I should like Orlov most of all, unless it turns out that I cannot assign this role to him. The minor role of Orlik requires excellent acting in one scene, and I find Mayborod inadequate for this. I've been entertaining the idea of giving the mother's role to Kamenskaya; I consider Slavina inappropriate. Wouldn't you agree, dear friend, how strange it would be if now, in the light of bitter experience, I were to have no hesitation whatsoever, and would sign up at once that to the allocation of roles you recommended, even though I am indifferent towards it? Only Pryanishnikov and Melnikov are wholly suitable for the parts of Mazepa and Kochubey, and I would want for nothing better. But this is still not enough. My mania for having my operas staged at all costs has long since passed, and I confess that, in the absence of a prima donna for Mariya's part, and the incompatibility of the strengths of the other male and female singers with my requirements, I should very much like to postpone the production of "Mazepa" until a more propitious time. Put yourself in my place, and ask whether from my point of view it's better to not want the opera to be put on at all, rather than to have it done inadequately. Before taking a definitive decision, i.e. applying to the Directorate with an official request not to stage my opera, I shall await your advice, and I earnestly request you, dear friend, to give me your sincere opinion. But I forewarn you that I might, perhaps, agree to allocate the role of Andrey to Vasilyev, the role of the mother to Slavina, the role of Orlik to Mayborod, and, finally, the role of Mariya to Sionitskaya *.

But in no circumstances will I give the latter role to Raab. I ask you not to say anything to anyone about the contents of this letter for the time being. The sooner you answer me, the better; I'll be looking forward to your friendly advice.

I'm going to Kiev province tomorrow, and ask you to write there: Fastov railway line, Kamenka station. Forgive me, much respected friend, for bothering and hindering you.

Your sincerely devoted and affectionate,

P. Tchaikovsky


* If you have Velinskaya, then sooner her than Raab.